Expanding metropolitan highways : implications for air quality and energy use / / Committee for Study of Impacts of Highway Capacity Improvements on Air Quality and Energy Consumption

• Pubblicazione: Washington, D.C., : Transportation Research Board, National Research Council, 1995
• Edizione: 1st ed.
• Descrizione fisica: 1 online resource (399 p.)
• Disciplina: 388.4/13142/0973
• Soggetto topico: Highway capacity - United States; Traffic flow - United States; Air - Pollution - Economic aspects - United States; Energy consumption - United States
• Note generali: Bibliographic Level Mode of Issuance: Monograph
• Nota di bibliografia: Includes bibliographical references.
• Nota di contenuto: EXPANDING METROPOLITAN HIGHWAYS -- Copyright -- Preface -- Contents -- Executive Summary -- REGULATORY CONTEXT -- ANALYTIC REQUIREMENTS -- FINDINGS -- CONCLUDING OBSERVATIONS -- REFERENCES -- ABBREVIATIONS -- 1 Introduction -- REGULATORY CONTEXT -- Clean Air Legislation and Regulatory Requirements -- Historical Trends -- Requirements of the 1990 CAAA -- Conformity Requirements -- ISTEA -- Energy Regulation -- STUDY FOCUS -- DEFINITION OF TERMS -- OVERVIEW OF IMPACTS -- ASSESSMENT OF IMPACTS -- ORGANIZATION OF REPORT -- NOTES -- REFERENCES -- ABBREVIATIONS -- 2 Contribution of Motor Vehicle Transportation to Air Pollution and Energy Consumption -- TRANSPORTATION AND AIR QUALITY -- Transportation-Related Pollutants -- Formation of Motor Vehicle Emissions -- Major Pollutants by Type -- Pollutants by Vehicle and Fuel Type -- Factors Affecting In-Use Emission Levels -- Travel-Related Factors -- Trips and Vehicle Use -- Speed, Acceleration, and Load -- Driver Behavior -- Highway-Related Factors -- Vehicle-Related and Other Factors -- Translating Emissions into Air Quality -- TRANSPORTATION AND ENERGY CONSUMPTION -- Energy and the Environment -- Factors Affecting In-Use Fuel Economy -- Travel-Related Factors -- Driver Behavior -- Highway-Related Factors -- Vehicle-Related and Other Factors -- MODELING AIR QUALITY AND ENERGY IMPACTS -- Introduction to Modeling Requirements and Approaches -- Land Use and Travel Demand Models -- Land Use Models -- Travel Demand Models -- Traffic Simulation Models -- Emission and Atmospheric Dispersion Models -- Emission Models -- Atmospheric Dispersion Models -- Energy Models -- Limitations of Current Modeling Practice -- SUMMARY -- NOTES -- REFERENCES -- ABBREVIATIONS -- 3 Traffic Flow Characteristics -- OVERVIEW OF EXPECTED IMPACTS -- REVIEW OF EFFECTS ON EMISSIONS -- Effects of Changes in Traffic Flow Patterns. ; Drive Cycles and Average Speed -- Estimates from Current Emission Models -- Certainty of Emission Estimates from Current Models -- Linking Emissions Estimates with Data on Traffic Flow Characteristics -- Status of Current Research and Modeling Efforts -- Research on In-Use Vehicle Emissions and Emission Modeling Improvements -- Research on Emissions Effects of Sharp Accelerations and Fuel Enrichment -- Research on Emissions Effects of High-Speed Driving -- Implications of Research for Emissions Modeling -- Traffic Simulation Modeling Improvements -- Effects on Travel Volumes -- Network Effects -- SUMMARY ASSESSMENT OF EFFECTS ON EMISSIONS AND AIR QUALITY -- Net Effects on Emissions -- Effects on Regional Air Quality -- REVIEW OF EFFECTS ON ENERGY USE -- Estimates from Current Models -- Certainty of Fuel Economy Estimates -- Net Effects on Energy Use -- SUMMARY ASSESSMENT AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR IMPROVING THE KNOWLEDGE BASE -- NOTES -- REFERENCES -- ABBREVIATIONS -- 4 Travel Demand -- DETERMINANTS OF METROPOLITAN TRAVEL DEMAND AND RECENT TRAVEL TRENDS IN THE UNITED STATES -- OVERVIEW OF EXPECTED IMPACTS AND DEFINITION OF TERMS -- Description of Effects -- Definition of Induced Travel -- THEORETICAL UNDERSTANDING OF TRAVEL CHOICES AND IMPACTS -- REVIEW OF EVIDENCE FROM STUDIES -- Facility-Specific Studies -- Methodological Problems -- Study Results -- Areawide Studies -- Methodological Problems -- Study Results -- Travel Time Elasticities -- Methodological Problems -- Study Results -- Summary of Findings from Studies -- REVIEW OF IMPACTS FROM TRAVEL DEMAND MODELS -- SUMMARY ASSESSMENT OF THE STATE OF KNOWLEDGE -- REVIEW OF IMPACTS ON TRUCK TRAVEL -- Effects on Truck Traffic -- Modeling Truck Travel -- RECOMMENDATIONS FOR IMPROVING THE KNOWLEDGE BASE -- NOTES -- REFERENCES -- ABBREVIATIONS -- 5 Land Use and Urban Form -- BACKGROUND. ; Arguments Against Capacity Additions -- Research Questions -- Context of Transportation-Land Use Relationship -- Net Growth and Redistributed Growth -- Demographic Influences on Growth -- THEORY LINKING TRANSPORTATION AND LAND USE -- EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE -- Cross-National Comparisons -- Studies of Housing and Residential Location -- RESULTS FROM MODELS -- Optimization Models -- Spatial Interaction Models -- IMPLICATIONS OF CHANGES IN POPULATION DENSITY FOR TRAVEL AND EMISSIONS -- SUMMARY -- RECOMMENDATIONS FOR IMPROVING THE KNOWLEDGE BASE -- Behavioral Research -- Modeling -- NOTES -- REFERENCES -- ABBREVIATIONS -- 6 Findings and Conclusions -- OVERVIEW -- CROSSCUTTING ISSUES -- FINDINGS FOR INDIVIDUAL IMPACT AREAS -- Initial Impacts on Traffic Flow Characteristics -- Impacts on Travel Demand -- Impacts on Land Use and Urban Form -- SUMMARY ASSESSMENT OF NET EFFECTS -- RECOMMENDATIONS FOR RESEARCH, MODELING IMPROVEMENTS, AND DATA COLLECTION -- Emissions Modeling -- Travel Demand and Land Use Forecasting Models -- CONCLUDING OBSERVATIONS -- NOTES -- REFERENCES -- ABBREVIATIONS -- Appendix A Emission and Energy Characteristics of Heavy-Duty Diesel-Powered Trucks and Buses -- FLEET CHARACTERIZATION -- Truck Classification -- Engine Types -- Diesel Truck Population, Use, and Scrappage -- HDDV EMISSION CONTROL PROGRAMS -- Introduction -- HDDV Emissions Standards -- Federal HDD Emission Standards -- California HDD Emissions Standards -- Diesel Fuel Specifications -- Clean Fuel-Low Emission Heavy-Duty Vehicles -- HDDV Inspection and Maintenance Programs -- HDDV EMISSIONS AND SPEED CORRECTION FACTORS -- Overview -- Comparison Between the Steady State and Transient Test Emissions -- Vehicle Versus Engine Emissions -- HDDV Emission Factors -- Speed Correction Factors -- HEAVY-DUTY TRUCK FUEL ECONOMY -- Average Fuel Economy -- Fuel Economy Dependence on Speed. ; Emission Conversion Factor -- SUMMARY -- NOTES -- REFERENCES -- ABBREVIATIONS -- Appendix B Review of Empirical Studies of Induced Traffic -- FACILITY-SPECIFIC STUDIES -- AREAWIDE STUDIES -- TRAVEL TIME ELASTICITIES -- NOTE -- REFERENCES -- ABBREVIATION -- Appendix C Impact of Changes in Highway Capacity on Truck Travel -- GENERAL IMPACT OF CHANGES IN HIGHWAY CAPACITY -- Extensiveness of Existing Highway Network -- Limited Exposure of Trucks to Congestion -- Low Freight Transportation Costs -- SPECIFIC RESPONSES TO CHANGES IN HIGHWAY CAPACITY -- Reallocation of Truck Travel -- Changes in Travel Hour -- Changes in Route -- Changes in Destination -- Induced Travel -- Changes in the Number of Trips -- Changes in Trip Length -- Changes in Mode -- TRENDS -- TRUCKS, CONGESTION, AND SAFETY -- MODELING TRUCK TRAVEL -- CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS -- NOTES -- REFERENCES -- ABBREVIATIONS -- Appendix D Review of Studies of Transportation Investments and Land Use -- MAJOR HIGHWAY INVESTMENTS -- Beltways -- Major Capacity Expansions -- Development Patterns -- Development Decisions -- MAJOR RAIL INVESTMENTS -- U.S. Rail Transit Impacts -- Canadian Rail Transit Impacts -- NOTE -- REFERENCES -- ABBREVIATION -- Appendix E Minority Statement of Michael A. Replogle -- KEY FINDINGS -- INDUCED TRAFFIC EFFECTS: FINDINGS FROM A MAJOR UNITED KINGDOM STUDY -- DETERMINANTS OF TRAVEL DEMAND -- Effects of Subsidies -- Effects of Added Highway Capacity on Freight Travel Demand -- Effects of Added Highway Capacity in Built-Up Areas -- Consideration of Alternatives to Highway Capacity Expansion -- London -- Copenhagen -- EFFECT OF REDUCED HIGHWAY SPEED AND CAPACITY -- Reducing Road Speed and Capacity with Traffic Calming -- Reducing Road Capacity with Traffic Cells for Environmental Benefit -- EFFECT OF HIGHWAY CAPACITY ADDITIONS ON METROPOLITAN FORM. ; DATA COLLECTION, MODEL DEVELOPMENT, AND RESEARCH NEEDS -- THE BUILD-NO-BUILD TEST AND REGULATORY BACKLASH -- New Scientific Uncertainty or Just a New Backlash? -- Real Problems with Build-No-Build -- Highlight Near-Term Model Reform Needs -- REFERENCES -- ABBREVIATIONS -- Study Committee Biographical Information.
• Sommario/riassunto: A study reviewing the current state of knowledge, evaluating the scientific evidence, and clarifying disagreement about the impact of highway capacity additions on traffic flow characteristics, travel demand, land use, vehicle emissions, air quality, and energy use. Lacks an index. Annotation copyright Book News, Inc. Portland, Or.
• Titolo autorizzato: Expanding metropolitan highways
• ISBN: 1-280-21064-8; 9786610210640; 0-309-58861-8
• Formato: Materiale a stampa
• Livello bibliografico: Monografia
• Lingua di pubblicazione: Inglese
• Record Nr.: 9910957200503321
• Lo trovi qui: Univ. Federico II
• Serie: Special report (National Research Council (U.S.). Transportation Research Board) ; ; 245.