Managing Pain in Children : A Clinical Guide for Nurses and Healthcare Professionals

• Autore: Twycross Alison
• Pubblicazione: Hoboken : , : John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, , 2013; ©2014
• Edizione: 2nd ed.
• Descrizione fisica: 1 online resource (314 pages)
• Disciplina: 618.920472
• Soggetto topico: Pain Management - nursing
• Altri autori: DowdenStephanie StinsonJennifer
• Nota di contenuto: Cover -- Title page -- Copyright page -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- Foreword -- CHAPTER 1: Why Managing Pain in Children Matters -- Introduction -- What is Pain? -- Consequences of Unrelieved Pain -- Children's Views about the Effectiveness of Pain Management -- Misconceptions about Pain -- Factors Affecting Healthcare Professionals' Perceptions of Pain -- Pain Management Standards -- How Effective are Current Pain Management Practices? -- Professional Accountability and Evidence-Based Practice -- Managing Pain in Children is an Ethical Imperative -- Summary -- References -- CHAPTER 2: Anatomy and Physiology of Pain -- Introduction -- The Nervous System -- Misconceptions about the Physiology of Pain in Children -- Pain Mechanisms -- Transduction: The conversion of stimuli to electrical impulses -- Transmission: Conveying impulses to the central nervous system -- Perception -- Modulation -- Visceral Pain -- Physiology of Chronic and Neuropathic Pain -- Central sensitisation in chronic pain -- Nervous System Development and Pain Sensation in Early Life -- Summary -- References -- CHAPTER 3: Pain: A Biopsychosocial Phenomenon -- Introduction -- Biological Factors -- Age -- Cognitive development -- Genetics -- Temperament -- Psychological Factors -- Fear -- Previous experiences of pain -- Social Factors -- Culture -- Family learning -- Gender -- Summary -- References -- CHAPTER 4: Pharmacology of Analgesic Drugs -- Introduction -- Misconceptions -- Addiction, Tolerance and Dependence -- Addiction risk -- Opioid weaning protocols -- How Drugs Work -- Pharmacodynamics -- Pharmacokinetics -- Routes of Drug Administration -- Selection of Analgesic Drugs -- WHO analgesic ladder -- Non-Opioid Analgesic Drugs -- Paracetamol (acetaminophen) -- Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs -- Opioid Analgesic Drugs -- Tramadol -- Opioid antagonists. ; Adjuvant Analgesic Drugs -- Local anaesthetics -- Ketamine -- Other adjuvant analgesic drugs -- Managing and Minimising the Non-Medical Use of Opioids -- Summary -- References -- CHAPTER 5: Physical and Psychological Methods of Pain Relief in Children -- Introduction -- Physical Pain-Relieving Methods -- Acupuncture -- Heat and cold -- Massage -- Psychological Pain-Relieving Methods -- Biofeedback -- Cognitive behavioural therapy -- Distraction -- Hypnosis -- Music therapy -- Relaxation -- Physical Methods of Pain Relief for Neonates -- Breastfeeding -- Facilitated tucking (or containment) -- Kangaroo care (skin-to-skin contact) -- Non-nutritive sucking -- Sucrose -- Swaddling -- Summary -- References -- CHAPTER 6: Pain Assessment -- Introduction -- Healthcare Professionals' Role in Pain Assessment -- Pain Measurement and Pain Assessment -- Assessing Pain in Children -- Step 1: Taking a pain history -- Step 2: Assessing the child's pain using an developmentally appropriate pain assessment tool -- Self-report tools -- Behavioural tools -- Physiological indicators -- Pain Assessment Tools for Neonates -- Pain Assessment in Ventilated Children -- Pain Assessment in Cognitively Delayed Children -- Choosing the Right Pain Assessment Tool -- How Often Should Pain be Assessed? -- Documentation -- Summary -- Key to Case Studies -- References -- CHAPTER 7: Managing Acute Pain in Children -- Introduction -- What is Acute Pain? -- Causes of Acute Pain in Childhood -- Injury -- Childhood illnesses -- Surgery/medical investigations -- Medical conditions -- Developmental disabilities -- Pain Assessment -- Physical and Psychological Interventions -- Pharmacological Interventions -- Non-opioids -- Opioids -- Local anaesthetics -- Regional anaesthesia -- Pain Management Guidelines -- Aims of Pain Management -- World Health Organization (WHO) analgesic ladder. ; Pain management in the community setting -- Pain management in the hospital setting -- Suggested Pain Management Regimes for Acute Pain -- Non-opioid analgesia -- Opioid analgesia -- Patient-controlled analgesia -- Other analgesic infusions -- Optimising the Safety of Analgesic Drugs -- Managing Adverse Effects of Opioids -- Sedation/respiratory depression -- Nausea and vomiting -- Urinary retention -- Pruritus (itch) -- Constipation -- Regional Anaesthesia -- Central blocks -- Peripheral blocks -- Optimising the Safety of Regional Anaesthesia -- Best practice management for regional analgesia -- Problem solving -- Complications of Regional Anaesthesia -- Pain Problem-Solving -- Transition to Oral Analgesics -- Weaning PCA -- Weaning regional anaesthesia infusions -- Pain medications at home -- Summary -- Key to Case Studies -- References -- CHAPTER 8: Chronic Pain in Children -- Introduction -- What is Chronic Pain? -- How Common is Chronic Pain in Children? -- Aetiology or Causes of Chronic Pain -- Common Chronic Pain Conditions in Children and Adolescents -- Headache -- Chronic abdominal pain -- Musculoskeletal pain -- Neuropathic pain -- Common Types of Neuropathic Pain Conditions -- Complex regional pain syndrome -- Phantom limb pain -- Pain Associated with Sickle Cell Disease -- Factors Triggering and Maintaining Chronic Pain -- Pain-Related Disability -- The Impact of Chronic Pain on the Child and Family -- The Cost of Chronic Pain -- Management of Chronic Pain -- Physical and psychological methods of pain relief -- Physical pain-relieving interventions -- Psychological therapies -- Sleep hygiene -- Complementary and alternative medicine -- Pharmacological interventions -- Invasive therapies -- Multidisciplinary approach -- Chronic pain clinics -- Long-term outcomes -- Summary -- Key to Case Studies -- References. ; CHAPTER 9: Palliative Care in Children -- Introduction -- What is Palliative Care? -- What is Paediatric Palliative Care? -- Death in Childhood -- Causes of death in childhood -- Where do children die? -- How Many Children Need Palliative Care? -- Conditions Requiring Paediatric Palliative Care -- Where is Palliative Care for Children Delivered? -- Challenges of home-based palliative care -- When Should Palliative Care be Implemented? -- Evidence Base for Palliative Care -- Research priorities in paediatric palliative care -- Quality in Palliative Care -- Symptoms in Children Receiving Palliative Care -- Pain and Symptom Management -- Types of pain seen in PPC -- Pain Assessment -- Frequency of pain assessment -- Choosing pain-relieving interventions -- Managing Pain in Palliative Care -- Management of intermittent/episodic pain -- Management of persistent pain -- Managing common opioid adverse drug effects -- Managing breakthrough pain -- Adjusting analgesia regimes -- Pain crisis -- Opioid rotation or switching -- Intractable pain and palliative sedation -- Other Pain-Relieving Interventions -- Management of Non-Pain Symptoms -- Assessing non-pain symptoms -- When to treat non-pain symptoms -- Physical and Psychological Methods to Relieve Pain and Other Distressing Symptoms -- Misconceptions Relating to Paediatric Palliative Care -- Ethical and Legal Issues in Paediatric Palliative Care -- Futility in medical management -- Euthanasia versus double effect -- End-of-Life Care -- Causes of pain and distressing symptoms at EOL -- Diagnosing dying -- Management of dying -- After Death -- Family bereavement care -- Staff support -- Summary -- Key to Case Studies -- References -- CHAPTER 10: Management of Painful Procedures -- Introduction -- Procedure-Related Pain: Definition and Prevalence -- Why is it Important to Manage Procedural Pain Effectively?. ; Factors that Influence a Child's Response to Painful Procedures -- Managing Procedural Pain: General Principles -- Before the procedure -- During the procedure -- After the procedure -- Using Nitrous Oxide to Manage Procedural Pain -- Using Sedation to Manage Procedural Pain -- Issues Relating to the Management of Specific Types of Procedural Pain -- Needle-related pain -- Topical local anaesthetics -- Cryotherapy -- Pain related to burn wound care -- Pain related to cancer investigations -- Pain related to immunisations -- Procedural pain management in neonates -- Summary -- Key to Case Studies -- References -- CHAPTER 11: Where To From Here? -- Introduction -- Reasons for Suboptimal Practices -- Knowledge deficits -- Beliefs about pain in children -- Decision-making strategies -- Organisational culture -- The Way Forward: Using a Knowledge Translation Model as a Framework for Improving Practice -- Evidence -- Context -- Facilitating change -- Researching Children's Pain -- Areas for Future Research -- Summary -- References -- Index.
• Sommario/riassunto: Providing an evidence-based, practical guide to care in all areas of children's pain management, Managing Pain in Children offers nurses and other healthcare professionals an introduction to the skills and expertise to manage children's pain effectively. This fully-updated second edition first explores the relevant anatomy and physiology of children, the latest policy guidelines surrounding pain management and ethical issues involved in managing children's pain. Various pain assessment tools available for children and non-drug methods of pain relief are then explored and applied to practice in relation to acute pain, chronic pain, palliative care and the management of procedural pain. The evidence base, assessment techniques, pain-relieving interventions, and guidance for best practice in both hospital and community settings are covered throughout, making this title an ideal resource for all nurses and healthcare professionals working with children.
• Titolo autorizzato: Managing Pain in Children
• ISBN: 9781118514634; 9780470670545
• Formato: Materiale a stampa
• Livello bibliografico: Monografia
• Lingua di pubblicazione: Inglese
• Record Nr.: 9910823094003321
• Lo trovi qui: Univ. Federico II