The protection of the marine environment against alien invasive species : international law and policy responses / / Nora-Phoebe-Erler

• Autore: Erler Nora-Phoebe
• Pubblicazione: The Hague, The Netherlands : , : Eleven International Publishing, , [2018]; ©2018
• Edizione: First edition.
• Descrizione fisica: 1 online resource (176 pages)
• Disciplina: 346.04695616
• Soggetto topico: Marine biodiversity conservation - Law and legislation; Marine biological invasions
• Nota di bibliografia: Includes bibliographical references (pages 133-149) and index.
• Nota di contenuto: Intro -- Table of Contents -- Acknowledgements -- List of Abbreviations -- Introduction -- 1 What Are 'Alien Invasive Species'? -- 1.1 Difficulties in Defining Alien Invasive Species -- 1.2 The IUCN Guidelines and the CBD Guiding Principles -- 1.2.1 The Notion of 'Alien' Species -- 1.2.2 The Notion of Alien 'Invasive' Species -- 1.3 Manners of Alien Invasive Species Introduction -- 1.3.1 Intentional Introduction of Invasive Species -- 1.3.1.1 Aquaculture -- 1.3.1.2 Other Manners -- 1.3.2 Unintentional Introduction of Invasive Species -- 1.3.2.1 Ballast Water -- 1.3.2.2 Ships' Hull Fouling -- 1.3.2.3 Unintentional Introduction via Aquaculture -- 1.3.3 Conditions that Facilitate the Establishment of Invasive Species -- 1.3.4 Impact of Climate Change on the Spread of Alien Species -- 1.4 Problems Caused by Alien Invasive Species -- 1.4.1 Environmental Problems -- 1.4.2 Economic Consequences -- 1.4.3 Health Effects -- 2 International Responses to Alien Invasive Species -- 2.1 The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea -- 2.1.1 Art. 196 (1) of the UNCLOS -- 2.1.1.1 Are Alien Invasive Species 'Pollution'? -- 2.1.1.1.1 Ordinary Meaning of the Text -- 2.1.1.1.2 Contextual Interpretation -- 2.1.1.1.3 Object and Purpose -- 2.1.1.1.4 Negotiation History / Travaux Préparatoires -- 2.1.1.2 Conclusion -- 2.1.2 Other Relevant UNCLOS Provisions -- 2.1.3 Jurisdiction in the Law of the Sea -- 2.2 The International Maritime Organization (IMO) -- 2.2.1 Guidelines for the Control and Management of Ships' Ballast Water to the Transfer of Harmful Aquatic Organisms and Pathogens -- 2.2.2 The International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships' Ballast Water and Sediments (BWM Convention) -- 2.2.2.1 Application of the Convention -- 2.2.2.2 Management of Ballast Water -- 2.2.2.3 Compliance -- 2.2.2.4 Enforcement. ; 2.2.2.5 Shortcomings of the BWM Convention -- 2.2.2.6 Entry into Force -- 2.2.2.7 Conclusion -- 2.3 The 1992 Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) -- 2.3.1 Art. 8 (h) of the CBD -- 2.3.2 Guiding Principles for the Prevention, Introduction and Mitigation of Impacts of Alien Species That Threaten Ecosystems, Habitats or Species (CBD Guiding Principles) -- 2.4 The 1971 International Convention on Wetlands of International Importance Especially As Waterfowl Habitat (Ramsar Convention) -- 2.4.1 Resolution VII.14 on Invasive Species and Wetlands (1999) -- 2.4.2 Resolution VIII.18 (2002) -- 2.5 The 1979 Convention on Migratory Species of Wild Animals (Bonn Convention) -- 2.5.1 Art. III (4) (c) of the Bonn Convention -- 2.5.2 Art. V (5) (e) of the Bonn Convention -- 2.6 Regulation on the EU Level -- 2.6.1 Developing Knowledge on Alien Invasive Species -- 2.6.2 The Legal Framework -- 2.6.3 Implementation -- 2.7 Other International Fora and Initiatives Addressing Alien Invasive Species -- 2.7.1 Global Invasive Species Programme (GISP) -- 2.7.2 Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) -- 2.7.2.1 Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries (FAO 1995 Code of Conduct) -- 2.7.2.2 Technical Guidelines on the Precautionary Approach to Capture Fisheries and Species Introduction (FAO 1996Guidelines) -- 2.7.3 Invasive Species Specialist Group -- 2.7.4 IUCN Guidelines for the Prevention of Biodiversity Loss Caused byAlien Invasive Species -- 2.7.5 International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES) -- 3 Regulatory Options -- 3.1 Negotiation of a New Comprehensive Treaty or Further Development of Existing Regimes? -- 3.2 Strengthening Coordination of Efforts Addressing Alien Invasive Species -- 3.2.1 Creation of a Coordinating Institution -- 3.2.2 Streamlining Policies Concerning Alien Invasive Species -- 3.2.2.1 The Precautionary Principle. ; 3.2.2.2 The Ecosystem Approach -- 3.3 Protection of Particularly Vulnerable Areas -- 3.3.1 Zoning of the Sea - A Useful Tool? -- 3.3.2 The Concept of Specially Protected Marine Areas -- 3.3.3 Marine Protected Areas -- 3.3.3.1 Marine Protected Areas at the Global Level -- 3.3.3.1.1 Requirements for the Establishment of Marine Protected Areas under the CBD -- 3.3.3.1.2 Protected Areas Established According to the Ramsar Convention -- 3.3.3.2 Marine Protected Areas at the EU Level -- 3.3.3.2.1 Natura 2000 -- 3.3.3.2.2 Marine Strategy Framework Directive -- 3.3.3.3 Protected Areas under Regional Instruments -- 3.3.3.3.1 Protection under the Regional Seas Programme -- 3.3.3.3.2 Protection under Regional Fisheries Management Organizations -- 3.3.4 Measures Regarding Shipping Activities -- 3.3.4.1 Shipping Restrictions in Coastal Waters and the Exclusive Economic Zone -- 3.3.4.2 Special Areas under MARPOL 73/78 -- 3.3.4.3 Routing Obligations under SOLAS -- 3.3.4.4 Designation of Particularly Sensitive Sea Areas -- 3.3.4.5 Specially Protected Areas under the Ballast Water Convention -- 3.3.4.5.1 Two-Tier Approach -- 3.3.4.5.2 Protected Areas -- 3.3.5 Measures Relating to Aquaculture Activities -- 3.3.6 Protection of the Polar Environment -- 3.3.6.1 Antarctica -- 3.3.6.1.1 The Antarctic Treaty System -- 3.3.6.1.2 Marine Protected Areas in the Antarctic Region -- 3.3.6.2 Arctic -- 3.3.6.2.1 The Current Legal Regime Governing the Arctic -- 3.3.6.2.2 The Role of the Arctic States -- 3.3.6.2.3 The Particular Role of Indigenous Peoples -- 3.3.6.2.4 The Role of Non-Arctic Actors -- 3.3.6.2.5 Arctic Treaty Option -- 3.3.6.2.6 Multilateral Treaty -- 3.3.6.2.7 Law of the Sea Approach -- 3.4 Development of the Legal Framework Regarding Particular Vectors of Introduction -- 3.4.1 Addressing the Threat of Invasive Species Introduction via Aquaculture Facilities. ; 3.4.2 Addressing the Threat of Alien Invasive Species Introduction via Hull Fouling -- 3.4.2.1 Guidelines -- 3.4.2.2 Negotiation of a Convention -- 3.5 Addressing the Impact of Climate Change on Alien Species Invasions -- 3.5.1 Mitigation -- 3.5.2 Adaptation -- 4 Ensuring Compliance -- 4.1 Liability and Responsibility for Environmental Harm Caused by the Introduction of Alien Invasive Species -- 4.1.1 State Responsibility -- 4.1.2 Civil Liability of Private Actors -- 4.2 Improving Compliance with the Alien Invasive Species Regime -- 4.2.1 Improving Port State Control -- 4.2.2 Fostering Capacity Building in Developing Countries -- 4.2.3 Economic Instruments as a Means to Improve Compliance -- 4.3 Economic Instruments -- 4.3.1 Establishment of a Fund -- 4.3.2 Compulsory Insurance -- 4.3.3 Pathway User Fees -- 5 Conclusion -- 5.1 Part 1. What Are 'Alien Invasive Species'? -- 5.2 Part 2. International Responses to Alien Invasive Species -- 5.2.1 The Framework of the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea -- 5.2.2 The BWM Convention as an Important Step Forward -- 5.2.3 The Convention on Biological Diversity as a Starting Point -- 5.2.4 The Ramsar Convention on Wetlands -- 5.2.5 The Bonn Convention on Migratory Species -- 5.2.6 Regulation on the EU Level -- 5.3 Part 3. Regulatory Options -- 5.3.1 Enforcing and Improving Coordination between Different Actors -- 5.3.2 Particularly Vulnerable Areas - To Some Extent, a Useful Tool -- 5.3.3 Introduction via Aquaculture Facilities -- 5.3.4 Addressing Introductions via Hull Fouling -- 5.3.5 Climate Change as an Important Factor -- 5.4 Part 4. Ensuring Compliance -- 5.4.1 Difficulties in Establishing Liability and State Responsibility -- 5.4.2 Tools for Improving Compliance -- 5.4.3 Economic Instruments as a Tool to Foster Compliance -- 5.5 Outlook -- Bibliography.
• Sommario/riassunto: Invasive alien species constitute the number two threat to marine biodiversity after habitat destruction. The problem today is growing tremendously, as the introduction of these species is accelerated by activities related to globalisation, such as trade, transport, travel, and tourism. The marine environment is particularly vulnerable to invasions by alien species due to the various pathways (ballast water, hull fouling, or escapes from aquaculture facilities) and other factors influencing the spread of invasive species, including climate change. This book shows possibilities to further improve the international regime addressing the alien invasive species issue. Apart from the relevant multilateral environmental treaties and soft law instruments, other tools - such as marine protected areas or means to improve compliance including economic instruments - are assessed. The focus of this book is on how to strengthen the existing regime and to promote effective implementation of the relevant provisions.
• Titolo autorizzato: The protection of the marine environment against alien invasive species
• ISBN: 94-6274-820-9
• Formato: Materiale a stampa
• Livello bibliografico: Monografia
• Lingua di pubblicazione: Inglese
• Record Nr.: 9910819382603321
• Lo trovi qui: Univ. Federico II
• Serie: Humanity, earth and law in the third millennium ; ; Volume 2.