The Transnational Illegal Adoption Market : A Criminological Study of the German and Dutch Intercountry Adoption Systems / / Elvira Loibl

• Autore: Loibl Elvira
• Pubblicazione: The Hague, The Netherlands : , : Eleven International Publishing, , [2019]; ©2019
• Edizione: First edition.
• Descrizione fisica: 1 online resource (513 pages)
• Disciplina: 345.02551
• Soggetto topico: Child trafficking - Law and legislation
• Nota di bibliografia: Includes bibliographical references.
• Nota di contenuto: Intro -- Preface -- Table of Contents -- Acknowledgements -- I Introduction -- 1 Central Focus and Scope -- 2 Methodological Framework -- 2.1 Interdisciplinary Approach -- 2.2 Comparative Approach -- 2.3 Case Study Approach -- 2.4 Data Sources and Analysis -- 2.4.1 Legal sources -- 2.4.2 Policy, academic and media sources -- 2.4.3 Semi-structured interviews -- 2.4.4 Adopters' autobiographic stories -- 2.5 Ethical Considerations -- 3 Structure of the Book -- 4 Terminology -- II Child Trafficking for Adoption Purposes - A Criminological Analysis of the Illegal Adoption Market -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Structural Components of the Transnational Illegal Adoption Market -- 2.1 The Basic Logic of Routine Activity Theory -- 2.2 Demand Component -- 2.2.1 From a humanitarian deed to a remedy for involuntary childlessness -- 2.2.2 The role of adoption agencies -- 2.3 Supply Component -- 2.3.1 Source countries -- 2.3.2 Illegal practices to secure adoptable children -- 2.4 Social Control Component -- 2.4.1 Child laundering - connecting demand and illegal supply -- 2.4.2 Adoption agencies' representatives and cooperation partners in the sending countries -- 2.5 Criminogenic Asymmetries between Demand and Source Countries -- 2.6 Displacements Effects of Supply Reduction and 'Cycles of Abuse' -- 3 The International Legal Framework on Child Trafficking -- 4 The Prism of Child Trafficking for Adoption Purposes -- 4.1 The Crime Prism -- 4.2 The Prismatic Analysis of Child Trafficking for Adoption Purposes -- 4.2.1 Individual and social harm -- 4.2.2 Invisibility -- 4.2.3 Extent of victimization -- 4.2.4 Lack of public agreement on seriousness -- 4.2.5 Low probability of severe social response -- 5 Conclusion and Discussion -- III The Rights of the Child and the 'Best Interests' Principle in Intercountry Adoption -- 1 Introduction. ; 2 Positions on the Legitimacy of Intercountry Adoption -- 2.1 Abolitionists -- 2.2 Promoters -- 2.3 Regulationists -- 3 Background and Development of the UNCRC -- 4 Family and the Rights of the Child -- 4.1 The Definition of the Family -- 4.2 The Child's Right to be Cared for by His or Her Parents -- 4.3 The Primacy of the Child's Family and Parents -- 4.4 The State's Responsibility to Support the Child's Family and Parents -- 4.5 The Child's Right to Privacy and Family Life -- 4.6 Separation of the Child from His or Her Parents -- 4.7 The Child's Right to know His or Her Origin and Identity -- 5 Children Deprived of Their Family Environment -- 5.1 Alternative Child Care Solutions -- 5.2 Adoption -- 5.3 The Myth of a Global 'Orphan Crisis' -- 6 The Best Interests of the Child -- 6.1 Meaning and Historical Background of the Concept -- 6.2 Analysis of Article 3(1) UNCRC -- 6.3 The Child's Best Interests in Adoption Arrangements -- 6.4 The Vague Concept of 'The Child's Best Interests' -ACriminogenic Factor in the Intercountry Adoption System? -- 7 Conclusion and Discussion -- IV The 1993 Hague Convention -ATrojan Horse in the Intercountry Adoption System? -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Background and Development of the Hague Convention -- 3 Provisions of the Hague Convention -- 3.1 Preamble -- 3.2 Scope of Application -- 3.3 Requirements of Intercountry Adoptions, Distribution of Responsibility -- 3.4 Central Authorities and Accredited Bodies -- 3.5 Procedural Requirements of Intercountry Adoptions -- 3.6 Recognition and Effects of Intercountry Adoptions -- 3.7 General Provisions and Final Clauses -- 4 The Standards and Principles of the Hague Convention -- 4.1 The Best Interests of the Child -- 4.2 The Subsidiarity Principle -- 4.3 Competent Authorities Principle -- 4.4 Principle of Preventing Improper (Financial) Gain. ; 4.2 Standards for the Consent to Adoption -- 4.6 Principle of Co-operation and Co-responsibility -- 5 Limitations and Pitfalls of the Hague Convention -- 5.1 Private Adoptions -- 5.1.1 Private adoptions and illegal practices -- 5.1.2 The Hague Convention's compromise in Article 22(2) -- 5.1.3 The no contact rule in Article 29 -- 5.1.4 The Hague Convention's regulation on private adoptions - a limitation? -- 5.2 Much Latitude for the Contracting States -- 5.3 Poor Implementation and Lacking Monitoring and Enforcing Mechanisms -- 5.4 Trust in the Sending Countries and Appearance of Legitimacy -- 6 Conclusion -- V The German Intercountry Adoption System -- 1 Introduction -- 2 History, Development and Current Trends -- 3 The German Legal Framework of Intercountry Adoption -- 3.1 Stakeholders in the German Adoption System -- 3.2 International Adoption Placement Procedure -- 3.3 Judicial Adoption Procedure -- 3.4 Adoption Recognition and Conversion Procedure -- 3.5 The Child's Entry into Germany -- 4 Tolerance towards Private Adoptions -- 4.1 International Adoptions in Germany - Often a 'Private Affair' -- 4.2 Adopters' Motivation to Pursue a Do-It-Yourself Adoption -- 4.3 No Ban, No Negative Consequences -- 5 German Adoption Agencies Caught in a Tension between Integrity and Money -- 5.1 Accreditation and Authorization Requirements -- 5.2 Financial Strain -- 5.3 Competition among Helpers -- 6 Cooperation with the Sending Countries - A Matter of Trust -- 6.1 Foreign Partners, the Cogs in the Adoption System -- 6.2 Adoption Costs - Don't Ask, Don't Tell -- 6.3 Incentive Fees and Donations -- 6.4 Supervision of Representatives and Cooperation Partners -- 7 The Ethiopian Child Trafficking Incidents -- 7.1 Systemic Abuses in the Ethiopian Adoption System -- 7.2 The German Agency's Ideological and Financial Motivation to Place Children from Ethiopia. ; 7.3 Hear No Evil, See No Evil - Techniques of Rationalization -- 8 The Role of the German Authorities in the Adoption System -- 8.1 Accrediting, Authorizing and Controlling German Adoption Agencies -- 8.2 Reviewing Individual Adoptions (Control on Micro Level) -- 8.3 Authorizing, Monitoring and Suspending Adoptions from Sending Countries (Control on Macro Level) -- 8.4 Central Adoption Offices as Adoption Placement Offices -- 9 Criminal Liability of German Actors -- 9.1 Child Trafficking ( 236 StGB) -- 9.1.1 Adopters -- 9.1.2 Staff members of an adoption agency -- 9.2 Other Relevant Criminal Provisions -- 10 Conclusion and Discussion -- VI The Dutch Intercountry Adoption System -- 1 Introduction -- 2 History, Developments and Current Trends -- 3 The Dutch Legal Framework of Intercountry Adoption -- 3.1 Stakeholders in the Dutch Adoption System -- 3.2 International Adoption Placement Procedure -- 3.3 Judicial Adoption Procedure -- 3.4 Adoption Recognition and Conversion Procedure -- 3.5 The Child's Entry into the Netherlands -- 4 Independent Adoptions -- 4.1 Partial Do-It-Yourself Adoptions (deelbemiddelingen) -- 4.2 Risks and Limitations of Partial Do-It-Yourself Adoptions -- 4.3 Private (Illegal) Adoptions - Prohibited but Not Properly Sanctioned -- 5 Dutch Adoption Agencies -- 5.1 Accreditation and Authorization Requirements -- 5.2 Financial Strain -- 6 Cooperation with the Sending Countries -- 6.1 Dutch Adoption Agencies' Partners and Their Tasks in the Sending Countries -- 6.2 Adoption Costs, Donations and 'Facilitation Payments' -- 6.3 Supervision of Foreign Representatives and Cooperation Partners -- 7 The Role of the Dutch Authorities in the Adoption System -- 7.1 Accrediting and Controlling Dutch Adoption Agencies -- 7.2 Reviewing and Approving Individual Adoptions (Control on Micro Level). ; 7.3 Authorizing, Monitoring and Suspending Adoptions from Sending Countries (Control on Macro Level) -- 7.4 The Dutch Ministry's Deference to China -- 7.4.1 The Chinese child trafficking incidents -- 7.4.2 Trust in the authorities of Hague sending countries -- 7.4.3 Diplomatic and other interests in intercountry adoptions -- 8 Criminal Liability of Dutch Actors -- 8.1 Adopters -- 8.2 Staff Members of an Adoption Agency -- 9 Discussion and Conclusion -- VII Parenthood, Consumption and Narratives of Rescue and Love in Intercountry Adoption -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Tension between Consumption and Parenthood in Intercountry Adoption -- 3 Methodology and Theoretical Background -- 4 The Desire to Achieve Parenthood -- 4.1 Involuntary Childlessness and the Powerful Wish to Have a Child -- 4.2 Saving a Child -- 4.3 Choosing the 'Right' Child -- 4.4 Paying for an Adoption -- 5 Becoming Parents -- 5.1 Finding the 'Meant-To-Be'-Child -- 5.2 Exhibiting Ownership -- 5.3 'Bringing Home My Child' -- 6 Discussion and Conclusion -- VIII Comparative Analysis, General Conclusions, and Recommendations -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Transnational Illegal Adoption Market -- 2.1 Demand and Supply -- 2.2 The Laundering Process -- 2.3 Criminogenic Asymmetries -- 2.4 The Dimensions of Child Trafficking for Adoption Purposes -- 3 The Criminogenic Conditions in the German and Dutch Adoption Systems -- 3.1 The Principle of the Child's Best Interests -- 3.2 Private Adoptions in Germany and the Netherlands -- 3.3 Institutional Pressure of German and Dutch Adoption Agencies -- 3.4 The Flow of Money into the Sending Countries -- 3.5 The Monitoring and Control System in Germany and the Netherlands -- 3.6 Trust in the Hague Sending Countries -- 3.7 Adopters' Denying the Role of Money in Intercountry Adoptions -- 4 Recommendations -- 4.1 Banning Intercountry Adoptions?. ; 4.2 Intercountry Adoptions carried out by the State?.
• Titolo autorizzato: The Transnational Illegal Adoption Market
• ISBN: 94-6274-050-X
• Formato: Materiale a stampa
• Livello bibliografico: Monografia
• Lingua di pubblicazione: Inglese
• Record Nr.: 9910794046003321
• Lo trovi qui: Univ. Federico II