Tuberculosis of the spine / / Sarvdeep Singh Dhatt and Vishal Kumar, editors

• Pubblicazione: Singapore : , : Springer, , [2022]; ©2022
• Descrizione fisica: 1 online resource (394 pages)
• Disciplina: 573.76
• Soggetto topico: Spine - Tuberculosis; Spine - Diseases
• Persona (resp. second.): DhattSarvdeep Singh; Vishal Kumar
• Nota di contenuto: Intro -- Foreword -- Preface -- Contents -- About the Editors -- Chapter 1: Historical Perspectives of Musculoskeletal Tuberculosis -- 1.1 Historical Perspectives of Musculoskeletal Tuberculosis Treatment -- 1.1.1 Tuberculosis: The Resurrection -- References -- Chapter 2: History of Tuberculosis Spine (Post-ATT Era) -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Early ATT and Surgery -- 2.3 Surgical Approaches -- 2.4 Anterior -- 2.5 Anterior-Posterior -- 2.6 Posterior Approach -- 2.7 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 3: Epidemiology of Tuberculosis of Spine -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 TB: Global Perspective -- 3.3 TB: US Perspective -- 3.4 WHO Plans for Control of TB: WHO End TB Strategy and UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) -- 3.5 TB and HIV and Other Immunosuppressive Disease and Conditions -- 3.6 Diagnosis and Reporting of TB -- 3.7 Management of Spinal Tuberculosis and Mortality/Morbidity -- 3.8 Drug Resistance -- 3.9 Treatment of Drug-Resistant TB -- 3.10 Prevention of TB -- 3.11 Summary -- References -- Chapter 4: Anatomy and Pathophysiology of TB Spine -- 4.1 Structure of a Typical Vertebra -- 4.2 Characteristics of Vertebra -- 4.3 Vertebral Canal -- 4.4 Intervertebral Foramen (Fig 4.4a, b) -- 4.5 Vertebral Curvatures -- 4.6 Line of Gravity -- 4.7 Joints and Ligaments in the Vertebral Column (Tables 4.1 and 4.2) -- 4.8 Intervertebral Disc -- 4.9 Vascular Supply -- 4.10 Arterial Supply -- 4.11 Veinous Drainage -- 4.12 External Vertebral Venous Plexus -- 4.13 Internal Vertebral Venous Plexus -- 4.14 Basivertebral Vein -- 4.15 Intervertebral Vein -- 4.16 Lymphatic Drainage -- 4.17 Innervation (Fig. 4.7) -- 4.18 Growth and Development of Vertebra (Fig. 4.8) -- 4.19 Pathophysiology of Spinal Tuberculosis -- 4.19.1 Introduction -- 4.19.2 Causative Organism of Tuberculosis -- 4.19.3 Risk Factors for Infection and Transmission. ; 4.19.3.1 Development and Course of Tuberculosis Infection -- 4.19.4 Pathogenesis -- 4.19.5 Mechanisms and Patterns of Involvement of Spine -- 4.19.5.1 Cold Abscess -- 4.19.5.2 Paraplegia -- 4.19.5.3 Kyphotic Deformity -- References -- Chapter 5: Clinical Presentation, Features, and Examination of a Case of Suspected Tuberculosis -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Signs and Symptoms -- 5.3 Presenting with Neurological Deficit -- 5.4 Presentation with Cold Abscess -- 5.5 Presentation with Spine Deformity -- 5.6 Suspecting Cranio-Vertebral (CV) junction TB -- 5.7 Suspecting Sub-axial Cervical Spine TB -- 5.8 Suspecting Thoracic Spine TB -- 5.9 Suspecting Lumbar Spine TB -- 5.10 Suspecting Sacroiliac Joint TB (SJT) -- 5.11 Suspecting Intradural/Intramedullary Tuberculoma -- 5.12 Signs and Symptoms in Pediatric Spinal TB -- 5.13 Elderly with Suspected Tuberculosis -- 5.14 Atypical Presentation -- 5.15 Presentation in Immunosuppressive Individuals -- 5.16 Suspecting Tuberculosis Complicating Spine Surgery -- 5.17 Under and Over-Diagnosed (Differential Diagnosis) -- References -- Chapter 6: Diagnostic Modalities in TB Spine: Clinical Laboratory Diagnosis and Technological Advancements -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Difficulty in Diagnosis -- 6.3 Conventional Diagnostic Tests -- 6.4 Microscopy -- 6.4.1 ZN Staining (Hot) -- 6.4.2 Kinyoun (Cold) -- 6.5 Auramine Flourochrome -- 6.5.1 Culture -- 6.6 Serological Tests -- 6.7 Technological Advances in Diagnosis of Spinal TB -- 6.8 Molecular Testing Methods -- 6.9 Nucleic Acid Probes -- 6.10 In Situ Hybridization -- 6.11 Nucleic Acid Amplification (NAA) Methods -- 6.11.1 Xpert MTB/RIF Test -- 6.11.2 Multiplex PCR -- 6.12 Nanotechnology -- References -- Chapter 7: Microbiological Diagnosis of Spinal Tuberculosis -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Samples To Be Sent for Microbiological Investigations. ; 7.3 Microbiological Investigations -- References -- Chapter 8: Radiology in TB Spine (X-rays, Ultrasound, CT, MRI) -- 8.1 Paradiscal Type -- 8.2 Central Type -- 8.3 Anterior Type -- 8.4 Appendiceal Type -- 8.5 Computed Tomography -- 8.6 MRI -- 8.7 Cord Changes -- 8.8 Cord Changes in Chronic Disease -- 8.9 Atypical Spinal Tuberculosis: [5, 35] -- 8.10 Post-Treatment Follow Up -- 8.10.1 Conventional Radiograph -- 8.11 MRI -- 8.12 Differential Diagnosis -- References -- Chapter 9: Role of Nuclear Medicine in TB Spine -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Spect Imaging -- 9.2.1 Skeletal Scintigraphy -- 9.2.2 Gallium-67-Citrate Scintigraphy -- 9.2.3 Scintigraphy with Autologous Radiolabeled Leukocytes -- 9.3 PET Imaging -- 9.3.1 PET/CT in Diagnosis -- 9.3.2 PET/CT for Staging -- 9.3.3 Response assessment -- 9.3.4 PET/MRI in Spinal Tuberculosis -- 9.4 Conclusion and Future Perspectives -- References -- Chapter 10: FNAC and Biopsy Techniques in TB Spine -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Anatomical Factors -- 10.3 Pre-Procedural Evaluation -- 10.4 Procedural Details -- 10.5 Instrumentation -- 10.5.1 MRI-Compatible Needles -- 10.5.2 Robotically Driven FNAC/Biopsy -- 10.6 Aseptic and Safety Precautions -- 10.7 Positioning and Needle Access -- 10.8 Methods of Image Guidance -- 10.9 Radiation Exposure and Prevention -- 10.10 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 11: Differential Diagnosis of Spinal Infections -- 11.1 Diagnosis of Spinal Infections -- 11.2 Imaging -- 11.2.1 Plain Radiographs -- 11.2.2 Scintigraphy -- 11.2.3 Computer Tomography (CT) -- 11.2.4 Magnetic Resonance Imaging -- 11.2.5 Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Scan -- 11.3 Differential Diagnosis of Spinal Infections -- 11.3.1 Spinal Trauma -- 11.3.2 Degenerative Disc Disease (DDD) -- 11.3.3 Spinal Tumors -- 11.3.4 Charcot Joint of Spine -- 11.4 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 12: TB Spine in Children. ; 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Development of Vertebral Column -- 12.3 Pathophysiology -- 12.4 Clinical Presentation -- 12.5 Deformity -- 12.5.1 Cervical Spine TB in Children -- 12.6 Investigations -- 12.6.1 Imaging -- 12.7 Treatment -- 12.7.1 Chemotherapy -- 12.7.2 Surgical Management -- 12.7.3 Kyphotic Correction Surgery in Healed TB -- 12.8 Summary -- References -- Chapter 13: The Medical Management of Spinal Tuberculosis -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 History and Evolution of Anti-tubercular Treatment -- 13.3 Principles of Multidrug Anti-tubercular Therapy -- 13.4 First-Line Drugs -- 13.4.1 Isoniazid (INH) -- 13.4.2 Rifampicin (RIF) -- 13.4.3 Pyrazinamide (PZA) -- 13.4.4 Ethambutol (EMB) -- 13.4.5 Streptomycin (SM) -- 13.5 Second-Line Drugs, Adverse Effects, Monitoring -- 13.5.1 Fluoroquinolones -- 13.5.2 Aminoglycosides -- 13.5.3 Cycloserine -- 13.5.4 Ethionamide/Prothionamide -- 13.5.5 Para-aminosalicylic Acid (PAS) -- 13.6 Newer Drugs -- 13.6.1 Bedaquiline -- 13.6.2 Delamanid -- 13.7 Immunomodulators -- 13.7.1 Cytokines -- 13.8 RNTCP and DOTS -- 13.9 WHO Guidelines -- 13.10 Endpoint of Treatment -- 13.11 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 14: Multidrug Resistance and Extensively Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis: Diagnosis and Management Protocols -- 14.1 Definitions and Historical Perspective -- 14.2 Incidence -- 14.3 Causes of Drug Resistance -- 14.4 Diagnosis of MDR and XDR -- 14.5 Medical Treatment -- 14.6 Surgical Treatment -- 14.7 Treatment Outcomes -- 14.8 Conclusion -- 14.9 Atypical Spinal TB -- References -- Chapter 15: Complications and Management in Tuberculosis of the Spine -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Cold Abscesses -- 15.3 Neurologic Deficits -- 15.4 Kyphotic Deformity -- 15.5 Challenges in Late-Onset Tuberculosis Symptoms -- 15.6 Adverse Drug Reactions -- 15.7 Medicolegal Issues -- 15.8 Conclusion -- References. ; Chapter 16: Surgical Management of TB Spine: Indications and Overview with Postoperative Protocols -- 16.1 Introduction -- 16.1.1 Techniques -- 16.1.2 Cervical Spine -- 16.1.3 Thoraco-lumbar Spine -- 16.1.4 Simultaneous Anterior and Posterior Approach -- 16.1.5 Postero-lateral Approach (Transforaminal) -- 16.1.6 Approaches Lumbo-sacral Spine -- 16.2 Postoperative Protocol -- References -- Chapter 17: Surgical Management of Cervical Spine Tuberculosis -- 17.1 Introduction -- 17.2 Indications for Surgery -- 17.2.1 Failure of Medical Management -- 17.2.2 Extent of Disease -- 17.2.3 Neurologic Deficits -- 17.2.4 Instability and Deformity -- 17.3 Craniovertebral Junctional Tuberculosis -- 17.3.1 Management of AATB -- 17.3.2 Classification Systems -- 17.3.3 Classification of Disease and Decision-Making -- 17.3.4 Surgical Intervention -- 17.3.4.1 Indications -- 17.3.4.2 Need for Tissue Sampling for Confirmation -- 17.3.4.3 Surgical Approaches -- 17.3.5 Authors' Preferred Approach -- 17.4 Sub-axial Tuberculosis (SACTB) -- 17.4.1 Principles of Imaging -- 17.4.2 Classification Systems -- 17.4.3 Surgical Indications -- 17.4.4 Approaches and Surgical Techniques -- 17.5 Cervicothoracic Tuberculosis -- 17.5.1 Clinical Outcome of CTB -- 17.5.2 Long-Term Outcome in AATB -- 17.5.3 Long-Term Outcome in SACTB -- 17.6 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 18: Anterior Surgical Approaches: TB Spine -- 18.1 Background -- 18.2 Surgical Technique -- 18.2.1 Mid Thoracic -- 18.2.1.1 Anterior Trans-thoracic [5] -- 18.2.1.2 Anterolateral Extra-pleural (Costotransversectomy) Decompression [6] -- 18.2.2 Upper Cervical [7] -- 18.2.2.1 Lower Cervical [8] -- 18.2.3 Upper Thoracic [9] -- 18.2.4 Lumbo-sacral -- 18.2.4.1 Extra-peritoneal [10, 11] -- 18.2.4.2 Transperitoneal Hypogastric Approach [12] -- 18.2.5 Minimal Invasive. ; 18.2.5.1 Navigation-Assisted Minimally Invasive Direct Lateral Interbody Fusion in Lumbar Tuberculosis [13].
• Titolo autorizzato: Tuberculosis of the spine
• ISBN: 981-16-9494-X; 981-16-9495-8
• Formato: Materiale a stampa
• Livello bibliografico: Monografia
• Lingua di pubblicazione: Inglese
• Record Nr.: 9910743225803321
• Lo trovi qui: Univ. Federico II