Science of wood degradation and its protection / / R. Sundararaj, editor

• Pubblicazione: Singapore : , : Springer, , [2022]; ©2022
• Descrizione fisica: 1 online resource (741 pages)
• Disciplina: 620.122
• Soggetto topico: Wood - Deterioration; Wood - Preservation; Wood preservatives
• Soggetto non controllato: Engineering; Technology & Engineering
• Persona (resp. second.): SundararajR
• Nota di contenuto: Intro -- Contents -- About the Editor -- 1: Wood Degradation, Challenges, and Mitigation -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Basic Anatomy and Cell Structure of Wood -- 1.2.1 Cellular Structures of Wood -- 1.2.1.1 Hardwoods -- Fibres -- Vessels -- Axial Parenchyma -- Ray Parenchyma -- 1.2.1.2 Soft Wood -- Tracheids -- Axial and Ray Parenchyma -- 1.2.1.3 Ripple Marks -- 1.2.1.4 Intercellular Canals -- 1.2.2 Chemical Composition of Wood Cell Wall -- 1.2.2.1 Cellulose -- 1.2.2.2 Hemicellulose -- 1.2.2.3 Minor Polysaccharides -- 1.2.2.4 Lignin -- 1.3 Wood: Structure and Composition as a Source of Food -- 1.4 Wood Degradation -- 1.4.1 Types of Wood Degradation -- 1.4.1.1 Degradation of Wood by Abiotic Factors -- Weathering -- Exposure to Chemicals and Mechanical Factors -- Thermal Degradation and Fire -- 1.4.1.2 Degradation by Biotic Factors -- Bacterial Attack -- Fungal Decay -- Insects -- Marine Borers -- 1.5 Chemistry of Wood Degradation -- 1.6 Mitigation of Wood Degradation -- 1.6.1 Use of Natural Durable Wood -- 1.6.1.1 Factors Contributing to the Resistance of Wood Against Degradation -- 1.6.1.2 Natural Durability of Timbers and Their Role in Mitigating Climate Change -- 1.6.2 Use of Wood Preservatives -- 1.7 Conclusion -- References -- 2: Wood Decay by Fungi: Challenges and Prevention -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Wood Properties -- 2.3 Wood Decay -- 2.3.1 Bacterial Decay -- 2.3.2 Fungal Decay -- 2.3.2.1 White Rot -- 2.3.2.2 Brown Rot -- 2.3.2.3 Soft Rot -- 2.3.3 Stains (Sap Stain) -- 2.3.4 Molds -- 2.3.5 Wood Decay Under Wet Conditions -- 2.3.6 Factors Affecting Decay -- 2.3.6.1 External Factors -- Source of Infection -- Moisture -- Oxygen -- Temperature -- Other Factors -- 2.3.6.2 Internal Factors -- 2.4 Evaluation of Decay Resistance -- 2.4.1 Fungi Used as per the Bureau of Indian Standard (BIS) -- 2.4.2 Decay and Field Resistance of Some Indian Timbers. ; 2.5 Chemistry of Decay -- 2.6 Decay in Storage and Service and Its Control -- 2.6.1 Decay After Felling -- 2.6.2 Decay in Storage -- 2.6.3 Decay in Service -- 2.6.4 Decay in Pulpwood -- 2.6.5 Chip Deterioration -- 2.7 Pruning -- 2.8 Tree Rot by Decay Fungi -- 2.9 Ecological Significance of Decay Fungi in Forest Ecosystem -- 2.10 Assessment of Tree Decay -- 2.10.1 Visual Tree Assessment -- 2.10.2 State of Urban Trees -- 2.10.3 Detection of Decay Defect in Standing Trees by Use of Ultrasonic Waves -- 2.10.3.1 Principle of Ultrasonic -- 2.10.3.2 Methodology -- 2.10.3.3 Colours and Their Indication -- 2.10.3.4 Detection Procedure -- References -- 3: Wounding of Trees: The Precursor of Wood Decay -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.1.1 Tree Decay -- 3.1.2 Concept of Tree Decay -- 3.2 Agents Causing Wounds or Injuries on Living Trees -- 3.2.1 Tree Damage due to Human Activities -- 3.2.2 Tree Damage due to Animals -- 3.2.3 Tree Damage due to Insects -- 3.2.4 Tree Damage due to Fungi -- 3.2.4.1 Heartwood-Rot Fungi -- 3.2.4.2 Heartwood-Rot Disease in Sal -- 3.2.4.3 Heartwood-Rot Disease in Teak -- 3.2.4.4 Impact of Wounds/Mechanical Damage in Some Important Trees -- 3.3 Fire -- 3.4 Climatic Factors -- 3.4.1 Cyclonic Storms -- 3.4.2 Temperature Stress -- 3.5 Tree Response to Wounding or Injury -- 3.5.1 Compartmentalization -- 3.5.2 Barrier Zones -- 3.5.3 Disfiguring the Shape of Tree due to Pruning/Lopping -- 3.6 Tree Wounds or Injuries: Preventive Measures and Care -- 3.6.1 Prevention of Tree Wounds or Injuries -- 3.6.2 Proper Selection and Planting -- 3.6.3 Mulching -- 3.6.4 Watering -- 3.6.5 Fertilizing -- 3.6.6 Pruning -- 3.6.6.1 Natural Target Pruning -- 3.6.6.2 Maintenance of Pruning -- 3.6.6.3 Topping -- 3.7 Compartmentalization of Decay in Trees (CODIT) -- 3.8 Wound Dressing -- 3.9 Management of Heartwood-Rot -- 3.10 Conclusion -- References. ; 4: Economically Important Wood Feeding Insects: Their Diversity, Damage and Diagnostics -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Economic Importance of Wood Feeding Insects -- 4.3 Important Groups of Wood Feeding Insects -- 4.3.1 Coleopteran Wood Feeding Insects -- 4.3.1.1 Longhorn Beetles -- 4.3.1.2 Jewel Beetles -- 4.3.1.3 Bark Beetles and Pin-Hole Borers -- 4.3.1.4 Deathwatch Beetles or Furniture Beetles -- 4.3.1.5 Powderpost Beetles -- 4.3.1.6 False Powderpost Beetles -- 4.3.1.7 False Blister Beetles -- 4.3.2 Hymenopteran Wood Feeding Insects -- 4.3.2.1 Carpenter Bees -- 4.3.2.2 Carpenter Ants -- 4.3.2.3 Sawflies -- 4.3.2.4 Horntails -- 4.3.2.5 Wood Wasps -- 4.3.3 Lepidopteran Wood Feeding Insects -- 4.3.3.1 Clearwing Borers -- 4.3.3.2 Carpenter Worms/Wood Moths -- 4.3.4 Termites -- 4.4 Conclusion -- References -- 5: Wood Degradation by Termites: Ecology, Economics and Protection -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Wood Degradation in Natural and Urban Forestry -- 5.3 Wood Degradation in Structures and Buildings -- 5.4 Ecology and Physiology of Wood Degradation by Termites -- 5.5 Economics of Wood Degradation by Termites -- 5.6 Invasive Termites of the World -- 5.7 Management of Termites in Natural Forestry -- 5.8 Management of Termites in Urban Forestry -- 5.9 Management of Termites in Buildings -- 5.9.1 Termite-Resistant Tree Timbers for Construction Works and Furniture -- 5.9.2 Use of Wood Preservatives -- 5.9.3 Insecticidal Management of Termites in Buildings -- 5.9.4 Baiting- Insecticides System -- 5.9.5 Biological Control of Termites -- 5.10 Conclusion -- References -- 6: Wood Borers of Important Fruit Trees with Special Reference to Cerambycids -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Grapes -- 6.2.1 Grape Stem Borer Celosterna scabrator Fab. -- 6.2.1.1 Management -- 6.2.2 Dry Wood Stem Borer Stromatium barbatum Fab. ; 6.2.3 Wood Borer Dervishiya cadambae (Cossidae: Lepidoptera) -- 6.2.4 Grapevine Stem Girdler Sthenias grisator (Fab.) -- 6.3 Apple -- 6.3.1 Apple Stem Borer Aeolesthes sarta Solsky -- 6.3.2 Apple Stem Borer, Cherry Stem Borer Aeolesthes holosericea (Fab.) -- 6.3.2.1 Eggs -- 6.3.2.2 Larva -- 6.3.2.3 Pupa -- 6.3.2.4 Adult -- 6.3.3 Apple Root Borer Dorysthenes huegelii (Redtenbacher) -- 6.3.4 Apple Borer Linda nigroscutata (Fairmaire) -- 6.4 Mango -- 6.4.1 Mango Longhorn, Lateral Banded Mango Longhorn, Rubber Root Borer, Mango Longhorn Borer Batocera rubus (L.) -- 6.4.2 Mango Tree Stem Borer Batocera rufomaculata (DeGeer) -- 6.4.3 Yellow-Spotted Ridge-Necked Longicorn Rhytidodera bowringii White -- 6.5 Citrus -- 6.5.1 Greenish Lemon Longicorn Chelidonium argentatum (Dalman) -- 6.5.2 Lime Tree Borer Chelidonium cinctum (Guerin-Meneville) -- 6.5.3 Citrus Trunk Borer Pseudonemorphus versteegi (Ritsema) -- 6.5.4 Citrus Shoot Borer Oberea posticata Gahan -- 6.5.5 Orange Shoot Borer Oberea lateapicalis Pic. -- 6.6 Cashew -- 6.6.1 Cashew Stem and Root Borer Neoplocaederus ferrugineus (Linnaeus) -- 6.6.2 Cashew Stem Borer Neoplocaederus obesus (Gahan) -- 6.7 Litchi -- 6.7.1 Litchi Trunk Borer Aristobia testudo (Voet) -- 6.8 Pomegranate -- 6.8.1 Pomegranate Stem Borer Coelosterna spinator (Fab.) -- 6.9 Conclusion -- References -- 7: Prospects and Advances in the Management of Coconut Wood Borers -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Coconut Wood Borers -- 7.2.1 Termites: Odontotermes spp. -- 7.2.1.1 Nature of Damage and Symptoms -- 7.2.1.2 Management -- Cultural Control -- Chemical Methods -- Indigenous Traditional Knowledge (ITK) -- Protecting Coco Wood Against Termites -- 7.3 Coconut Stem Borers -- 7.3.1 Asiatic Rhinoceros Beetle, Oryctes rhinoceros Linn. (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) -- 7.3.1.1 Taxonomy -- 7.3.1.2 Distribution -- 7.3.1.3 Host Plants. ; 7.3.1.4 Economic Importance -- 7.3.1.5 Damage Symptoms -- 7.3.1.6 Bio-ecology -- 7.3.1.7 Integrated Pest Management -- 7.3.1.8 Phytosanitary Method -- 7.3.1.9 Mechanical Method -- 7.3.1.10 Prophylactic Method -- 7.3.1.11 Attractants and Pheromones -- 7.3.1.12 Biological Control -- 7.3.1.13 Botanicals -- 7.3.2 Red Palm Weevil: Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Olivier -- 7.3.2.1 Taxonomy -- 7.3.2.2 Nature of Damage -- 7.3.2.3 Damage Symptoms -- 7.3.2.4 Integrated Pest Management -- 7.3.2.5 Early Detection-Bioacoustics -- 7.3.2.6 Cultural Control -- 7.3.2.7 Biological Control -- 7.3.2.8 Botanicals -- 7.3.2.9 Pheromone -- 7.3.2.10 Chemical Control -- 7.3.3 Shot Hole Borer or Bark Borer -- 7.3.3.1 Taxonomy -- 7.3.3.2 Distribution -- 7.3.3.3 Host Plants -- 7.3.3.4 Damage Symptoms -- 7.3.3.5 Identification of the Pest -- 7.3.3.6 Management -- 7.4 Conclusion -- References -- 8: Teak Heartwood Borer Alcterogystia cadambae (Cossidae: Lepidoptera): A Potential Wood Pest of Teak and Its Management -- 8.1 Importance of Teak as a Timber Species -- 8.2 Ecology -- 8.2.1 Study Area -- 8.2.2 Survey the Teak Plantations of North Canara Circle of Karnataka -- 8.2.2.1 Relation between Age of Trees and Infestation -- 8.2.2.2 Alternate Hosts -- 8.2.2.3 Spatial Distribution Pattern -- 8.2.2.4 Predisposing Factors -- 8.2.2.5 Nature of Damage -- 8.2.2.6 Seasonal Incidence -- 8.3 Biology -- 8.3.1 Collections of Insect Stages -- 8.3.1.1 Egg -- 8.3.1.2 Larval Stages -- 8.3.1.3 Pupae -- 8.3.1.4 Adult Moths -- 8.4 Management -- 8.4.1 Mechanical: Larval, Pupa, and Adult Traps -- 8.5 Biological Control -- 8.5.1 Nematodes -- 8.5.2 Bacillus Thuringiensis -- 8.5.3 Botanical Pesticide -- 8.5.4 Fumigation of Infested Tunnels by Phosphine -- References -- 9: Hoplocerambyx spinicornis Newman: Major Heartwood Borer of Sal, Shorea robusta and Its Management in India -- 9.1 Introduction. ; 9.1.1 Sal (Shorea robusta).
• Sommario/riassunto: This edited book covers all aspects of wood degradation from its formation and growing in trees to its end usages when it is put into human usage. Wood is an age-old traditional fascinating material with a sensory-rich immersive experience that kindles aesthetics and creativity. The utility, durability, and functionality of wood render it a cosmopolitan material. It constitutes an integral part of human lives from ancient times to modern societies being used by various sectors viz., construction, furniture, panel products, paper and pulp, sports goods, agricultural implements, etc., Wood, being a biological material, is susceptible to degradation both by physical and biological means, and the need to protect the wood and prevent heavy economic losses constitutes a major challenge. Also, wood formed by the trees is the major sinks of carbon and the carbon remains locked-up for the life of the wood, thereby serving as important tool to mitigate the climate change. But the carbon stored in wood returns to the atmosphere when it degrades and will have positive effect on climate change. Hence, wood protection aiming for extending the service life of wood plays a key role in locking the carbon for a longer period in the wood and also substantially reduce the demand and depletion of forest resources. The book focuses on wood as an important natural bio-resource, inventory of wood protection, usage, utilization, preservatives, protection technologies and wood protection from all forms of degradation. Special focus is given on the eco-friendly way of protecting wood and its importance in mitigating climate change. The book is useful for Indian and international readers, who are working in wood domains. It is of interest to wood technologists, teachers, researchers, climate change scientists, capacity builders, and policymakers. It is of immense importance as a guide and study material to the graduate and postgraduate students of wood science in various universities of India and abroad.
• Titolo autorizzato: Science of wood degradation and its protection
• ISBN: 981-16-8797-8; 981-16-8796-X
• Formato: Materiale a stampa
• Livello bibliografico: Monografia
• Lingua di pubblicazione: Inglese
• Record Nr.: 9910743211503321
• Lo trovi qui: Univ. Federico II