Mechanical measurements / / S. P. Venkateshan

• Autore: Venkateshan S. P.
• Pubblicazione: Cham, Switzerland : , : Springer, , [2022]; ©2022
• Edizione: Second edition.
• Descrizione fisica: 1 online resource (570 pages)
• Disciplina: 530.8
• Soggetto topico: Physical measurements; Measuring instruments
• Note generali: Includes index.
• Nota di contenuto: Intro -- Preface to the Second Edition -- Preface to the First Edition -- Acknowledgements -- Nomenclature -- Latin Alphabetical Symbols -- Acronyms -- Greek Symbols -- Contents -- About the Author -- Part I Measurements, Error Analysis and Design of Experiments -- 1 Measurements and Errors in Measurement -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.1.1 Measurement Categories -- 1.1.2 General Measurement Scheme -- 1.1.3 Some Issues -- 1.2 Errors in Measurement -- 1.2.1 Systematic Errors (Bias) -- 1.2.2 Random Errors -- 1.3 Statistical Analysis of Experimental Data -- 1.3.1 Statistical Analysis and Best Estimate from Replicate Data -- 1.3.2 Error Distribution -- 1.3.3 Principle of Least Squares -- 1.3.4 Error Estimation - Single Sample -- 1.3.5 Student t Distribution -- 1.3.6 Test for Normality -- 1.3.7 Non Parametric Tests -- 1.3.8 Outliers and Their Rejection -- 1.4 Propagation of Errors -- 1.5 Specifications of Instruments and Their Performance -- 2 Regression Analysis -- 2.1 Introduction to Regression Analysis -- 2.2 Linear Regression -- 2.2.1 Linear Fit by Least Squares -- 2.2.2 Uncertainties in the Fit Parameters -- 2.2.3 Goodness of Fit and the Correlation Coefficient -- 2.3 Polynomial Regression -- 2.3.1 Method of Least Squares and Normal Equations -- 2.3.2 Goodness of Fit and the Index of Correlation or R2 -- 2.3.3 Multiple Linear Regression -- 2.4 General Non-linear Fit -- 2.5 χ2 Test of Goodness of Fit -- 2.6 General Discussion on Regression Analysis Including Special Cases -- 2.6.1 Alternate Procedures of Obtaining Fit Parameters -- 2.6.2 Segmented or Piecewise Regression -- 3 Design of Experiments -- 3.1 Design of Experiments -- 3.1.1 Goal of Experiments -- 3.1.2 Full Factorial Design -- 3.1.3 2k Factorial Design -- 3.1.4 More on Full Factorial Design -- 3.1.5 One Half Factorial Design -- 3.1.6 Other Simple Design. ; Part II Measurements of Temperature, Heat Flux, and Heat Transfer Coefficient -- 4 Measurements of Temperature -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Thermometry or the Science and Art of Temperature Measurement -- 4.2.1 Preliminaries -- 4.2.2 Practical Thermometry -- 4.3 Thermoelectric Thermometry -- 4.3.1 Thermoelectric Effects -- 4.3.2 On the Use of Thermocouple for Temperature Measurement -- 4.3.3 Use of Thermocouple Tables and Practical Aspects of Thermoelectric Thermometry -- 4.4 Resistance Thermometry -- 4.4.1 Basic Ideas -- 4.4.2 Platinum Resistance Thermometer and the Callendar Correction -- 4.4.3 RTD Measurement Circuits -- 4.4.4 Thermistors -- 4.5 Pyrometry -- 4.5.1 Radiation Fundamentals -- 4.5.2 Brightness Temperature and the Vanishing Filament Pyrometer -- 4.5.3 Total Radiation Pyrometer -- 4.5.4 Ratio Pyrometer and the Two-Color Pyrometer -- 4.5.5 Gas Temperature Measurement -- 4.6 Other Temperature Measurement Techniques -- 4.6.1 Liquid in Glass or Liquid in Metal Thermometers -- 4.6.2 Bimetallic Thermometer -- 4.6.3 Liquid Crystal Thermometers -- 4.6.4 IC Temperature Sensor -- 4.7 Measurement of Transient Temperature -- 4.7.1 Temperature Sensor as a First-Order System-Electrical Analogy -- 4.7.2 Response to Step Input -- 4.7.3 Response to a Ramp Input -- 4.7.4 Response to a Periodic Input -- 5 Systematic Errors in Temperature Measurement -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Examples of Temperature Measurement -- 5.2.1 Surface Temperature Measurement Using a Compensated Probe -- 5.2.2 Measurement of Temperature Inside a Solid -- 5.2.3 Measurement of Temperature of a Moving Fluid -- 5.2.4 Summary of Sources of Error in Temperature Measurement -- 5.3 Conduction Error in Thermocouple Temperature Measurement -- 5.3.1 Lead Wire Model -- 5.3.2 The Single Wire Model -- 5.3.3 Heat Loss Through Lead Wire -- 5.3.4 Typical Application and Thermometric Error. ; 5.3.5 Measurement of Temperature Within a Solid -- 5.4 Measurement of Temperature of a Moving Fluid -- 5.4.1 Temperature Error Due to Radiation -- 5.4.2 Reduction of Radiation Error: Use of Radiation Shield -- 5.4.3 Analysis of Thermometer Well Problem -- 6 Heat Flux and Heat Transfer Coefficient -- 6.1 Measurement of Heat Flux -- 6.1.1 Foil-Type Heat Flux Gauge -- 6.1.2 Transient Analysis of Foil Gauge -- 6.1.3 Thin Film Sensors -- 6.1.4 Cooled Thin Wafer Heat Flux Gauge -- 6.1.5 Axial Conduction Guarded Probe -- 6.1.6 Slug Type Sensor -- 6.1.7 Slug Type Sensor Response Including Non-Uniformity in Temperature -- 6.1.8 Thin Film Heat Flux Gauge-Transient Operation -- 6.2 Measurement of Heat Transfer Coefficient -- 6.2.1 Film Coefficient Transducer -- 6.2.2 Cylindrical Heat Transfer Coefficient Probe -- Part III Measurement of Pressure, Fluid Velocity, Volume Flow Rate, Stagnation, and Bulk Mean Temperatures -- 7 Measurement of Pressure -- 7.1 Basics of Pressure Measurement -- 7.2 U-Tube Manometer -- 7.2.1 Well Type Manometer -- 7.2.2 Dynamic Response of a U Tube Manometer -- 7.3 Bourdon Gauge -- 7.3.1 Dead Weight Tester -- 7.4 Pressure Transducers -- 7.4.1 Pressure Tube with Bonded Strain Gauge -- 7.4.2 Bridge Circuits for Use with Strain Gauges -- 7.4.3 Diaphragm/Bellows Type Transducer -- 7.4.4 Capacitance Type Diaphragm Gauge -- 7.4.5 Piezoelectric Pressure Transducer -- 7.5 Measurement of Pressure Transients -- 7.5.1 Thermal System -- 7.5.2 Pressure Measurement in a Liquid System -- 7.5.3 Pressure Measurement in a Gas System -- 7.5.4 Transient Response of a Bellows Type Pressure Transducer -- 7.5.5 Transients in a Force Balancing Element for Measuring Pressure -- 7.6 Measurement of Vacuum -- 7.6.1 McLeod Gauge -- 7.6.2 Pirani Gauge -- 7.6.3 Ionization Gauge -- 7.6.4 Alphatron Gauge -- 8 Measurement of Fluid Velocity -- 8.1 Introduction. ; 8.2 Pitot-Pitot Static and Impact Probes -- 8.2.1 Pitot and Pitot Static Tube -- 8.2.2 Effect of Compressibility -- 8.2.3 Supersonic Flow -- 8.2.4 Orientation Effects and Multi-hole Probes -- 8.3 Velocity Measurement Based on Thermal Effects -- 8.3.1 Hot Wire Anemometer -- 8.3.2 Constant Temperature or CT Anemometer -- 8.3.3 Useful Heat Transfer Correlation -- 8.3.4 Constant Current or CC Anemometer -- 8.3.5 Practical Aspects -- 8.3.6 Measurement of Transients (Velocity Fluctuations) -- 8.3.7 Directional Effects on Hot Wire Anemometer -- 8.4 Doppler Velocimeter -- 8.4.1 The Doppler Effect -- 8.4.2 Ultrasonic Doppler Velocity Meter -- 8.4.3 Laser Doppler Velocity Meter -- 8.5 Time of Flight Velocimeter -- 8.5.1 Simultaneous Measurement of Position and Velocity -- 8.5.2 Cross Correlation Type Velocity Meter -- 9 Volume Flow Rate -- 9.1 Measurement of Volume Flow Rate -- 9.2 Variable Area Type Flow Meters -- 9.2.1 Principle of Operation -- 9.2.2 Correction Factor -- 9.2.3 Types of Variable Area Flow Meters -- 9.2.4 Orifice Plate Meter -- 9.2.5 Flow Nozzle -- 9.2.6 Venturi Meter -- 9.2.7 Effect of Compressibility in Gas Flow Measurement -- 9.2.8 Sonic Orifice or the Sonic Nozzle -- 9.2.9 Selection of Variable Area Flow Meters -- 9.3 Rotameter or Drag Effect Flow Meter -- 9.3.1 Rotameter Analysis -- 9.4 Miscellaneous Types of Flow Meters -- 9.4.1 Positive Displacement Meters -- 9.4.2 Vortex Shedding Type Flow Meter -- 9.4.3 Turbine Flow Meter -- 9.5 Factors to Be Considered in the Selection of Flow Meters -- 9.6 Calibration of Flow Meters -- 9.6.1 Methods of Calibration -- 9.6.2 Soap Film Burette -- 9.6.3 Bell Prover System -- 9.6.4 Flying Start-Flying Finish Method with Static Weighing -- 10 Stagnation and Bulk Mean Temperature -- 10.1 Stagnation Temperature Measurement -- 10.1.1 Shielded Thermocouple Stagnation Temperature Probe. ; 10.1.2 Dual Thin Film Enthalpy Probe -- 10.2 Bulk Mean Temperature -- 10.2.1 Flow in a Rectangular Duct -- Part IV Thermo-physical Properties, Radiation Properties of Surfaces, Gas Concentration, Force/Acceleration, torque, and Power -- 11 Measurement of Thermophysical Properties -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Thermal Conductivity -- 11.2.1 Basic Ideas -- 11.3 Steady State Methods -- 11.3.1 Guarded Hot Plate Apparatus: Solid Sample -- 11.3.2 Guarded Hot Plate Apparatus: Liquid Sample -- 11.3.3 Radial Heat Conduction Apparatus for Liquids and Gases -- 11.3.4 Thermal Conductivity Comparator -- 11.4 Transient Method -- 11.4.1 Laser Flash Method -- 11.5 Measurement of Heat Capacity -- 11.5.1 Heat Capacity of a Solid -- 11.5.2 Heat Capacity of Liquids -- 11.6 Measurement of Calorific Value of Fuels -- 11.6.1 Preliminaries -- 11.6.2 The Bomb Calorimeter -- 11.6.3 Continuous Flow Calorimeter -- 11.7 Measurement of Viscosity of Fluids -- 11.7.1 Laminar Flow in a Capillary -- 11.7.2 Saybolt Viscometer -- 11.7.3 Rotating Cylinder Viscometer -- 12 Radiation Properties of Surfaces -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.1.1 Definitions -- 12.2 Features of Radiation Measuring Instruments -- 12.2.1 Components of a Reflectivity Measuring Instrument -- 12.3 Integrating Sphere -- 12.3.1 Hemispherical Emissivity -- 12.3.2 Hemispherical Directional Reflectivity -- 12.3.3 Directional Hemispherical Reflectivity -- 12.4 Measurement of Emissivity -- 12.4.1 Emissivity Measurement Using an Integrating Radiometer -- 12.4.2 Measurement of Emissivity by Transient Cooling in Vacuum -- 12.4.3 Calorimetric Method of Emissivity Measurement -- 12.4.4 Commercial Portable Ambient Temperature Emissometer -- 13 Gas Concentration -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.1.1 Methods of Gas Concentration Measurement -- 13.2 Non-Separation Methods -- 13.2.1 Non-Dispersive Infrared Analyzer (NDIR). ; 13.2.2 Differential Absorption LIDAR (DIAL).
• Titolo autorizzato: Mechanical measurements
• ISBN: 3-030-73620-2
• Formato: Materiale a stampa
• Livello bibliografico: Monografia
• Lingua di pubblicazione: Inglese
• Record Nr.: 9910522920303321
• Lo trovi qui: Univ. Federico II