Nutrition during pregnancy : part I, weight gain : part II, nutrient supplements / / Subcommittee on Nutritional Status and Weight Gain during Pregnancy, Subcommittee on Dietary Intake and Nutrient Supplements during Pregnancy, Committee on Nutritional Status during Pregnancy and Lactation, Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine, National Academy of Sciences

• Pubblicazione: Washington, D.C., : National Academy Press, 1990
• Edizione: 1st ed.
• Descrizione fisica: 1 online resource (480 pages) : illustrations
• Disciplina: 618.2/4
• Soggetto topico: Pregnancy - Nutritional aspects; Pregnant women - Weight gain
• Note generali: Bibliographic Level Mode of Issuance: Monograph
• Nota di bibliografia: Includes bibliographical references.
• Nota di contenuto: Nutrition During Pregnancy -- Copyright -- PREFACE -- CONTENTS -- 1 SUMMARY -- PART I: NUTRITIONAL STATUS AND WEIGHT GAIN -- HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE -- CONCLUSION ON WEIGHT GAIN DURING PREGNANCY -- Assessment of Weight and Weight Gain -- Determinants of Gestational Weight Gain -- Consequences of Gestational Weight Gain -- CLINICAL RECOMMENDATIONS -- Measurement -- Counseling -- Monitoring Progress -- RESEARCH RECOMMENDATIONS -- Epidemiologic Research -- Basic Research -- Applied Research -- METHODOLOGY -- Limitations in the Data -- Criteria Used in Formulating Recommendations -- CONCLUSIONS -- CLINICAL RECOMMENDATIONS -- Dietary Assessment -- Iron -- Folate -- Multivitamin Mineral Supplements -- Nutrient Supplementation in Special Circumstances -- RESEARCH RECOMMENDATIONS -- Survey Needs -- Nutritional Assessment -- Iron Supplementation -- Periconceptional Supplements -- Supplementation for High-Risk Groups -- References -- PART I NUTRITIONAL STATUS AND WEIGHT GAIN -- 2 Introduction -- References -- 3 Historical Trends in Clinical Practice, Maternal Nutritional Status, and the Course and Outcome of Pregnancy -- TRENDS IN RECOMMENDATIONS -- TRENDS IN MATERNAL NUTRITIONAL STATUS AND CHARACTERISTICS ASSOCIATED WITH OUTCOME -- Maternal Body Size -- Age of Menarche -- Maternal Age and Parity -- Ethnic Origin of Mothers -- Smoking Habits of Women of Reproductive Age -- Use of Selected Substances -- TRENDS IN USE OF PRENATAL CARE AND FOOD SUPPLEMENTATION PROGRAMS -- TRENDS IN PREGNANCY OUTCOME -- Infant Mortality -- Birth Weight -- TRENDS IN GESTATIONAL WEIGHT GAIN -- SUMMARY -- References -- 4 Assessment of Gestational Weight Gain -- METHODOLOGICAL ISSUES RELATED TO DATA COLLECTION IN THE CLINIC -- Weight -- Height -- Gestational Duration -- Assessing Prepregnancy Weight for Height -- Using Weight Gain Data in the Clinic -- Weight Gain Charts. ; INTERPRETATION OF RESEARCH INVOLVING GESTATIONAL WEIGHT GAIN -- Estimation of Gestational Weight Gain in Research -- Prepregnancy Weight Estimates -- Gestational Duration Estimates -- Determining Final Weight and Rates of Weight Gain -- Including the Fetus in Total Weight Gain -- Comparison of Gestational Weight Gain with Reference Standards -- USES OF GESTATIONAL WEIGHT GAIN IN NUTRITIONAL SURVEILLANCE -- SUMMARY -- CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS -- References -- 5 Total Amount and Pattern of Weight Gain: Physiologic and Maternal Determinants -- NORMS FOR TOTAL GAIN, RATE OF GAIN, AND COMPOSITION OF GAIN -- Pattern and Amount of Gain -- Components of Gain -- Proximate Composition of Gain -- TOTAL WEIGHT GAIN AND PATTERN OF GAIN -- Estimated Normal Rates of Gain -- ADJUSTMENTS IN INTAKE AND UTILIZATION OF ENERGY SOURCES DURING PREGNANCY -- MATERNAL DETERMINANTS OF THE PATTERN AND AMOUNT OF WEIGHT GAIN -- Prepregnancy Weight-for-Height Status -- Maternal Height -- Ethnic Origin -- Age and Parity -- Cigarette Smoking -- Alcohol and Illegal Substances -- Socioeconomic Status -- Work or Physical Activity -- CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS -- CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS -- References -- 6 Body Composition Changes During Pregnancy -- STANDARD METHODS -- Total Body Water -- Underwater Weighing -- Total Body Potassium -- SKINFOLD THICKNESS MEASUREMENT -- DIRECT COMPARISONS OF SKINFOLD THICKNESS MEASUREMENTS -- RESULTS OF STUDIES -- Total Body Water -- Body Density (by Underwater Weighing) -- Total Body Potassium -- Skinfold Thicknesses -- SUMMARY -- References -- 7 Energy Requirements, Energy Intake, and Associated Weight Gain during Pregnancy -- RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ENERGY INTAKE AND GESTATIONAL WEIGHT GAIN -- STUDIES OF ENERGY SUPPLEMENTATION DURING PREGNANCY -- Supplementation Studies of Pregnant Women in Developing Countries -- Guatemala -- Colombia -- Taiwan. ; The Gambia -- Chile -- Supplementation Studies of Pregnant Women in Industrialized Countries -- Canada -- Scotland -- United States -- Interpretive Summary -- FACTORS INFLUENCING ENERGY BALANCE DURING PREGNANCY -- Basal Metabolism -- Thermogenesis -- Physical Activity -- Total Daily Energy Expenditure -- Energy Balance During Pregnancy -- SUMMARY -- CLINICAL APPLICATIONS -- References -- 8 Effects of Gestational Weight Gain on Outcome in Singleton Pregnancies -- FETAL AND INFANT OUTCOMES -- Mortality -- Fetal Growth -- Importance of Birth Weight as a Pregnancy Outcome -- Heterogeneity of IUGR -- Other Methodologic Caveats -- Effects on Birth Weight (for Gestational Age) -- Effect of Weight Gain Pattern -- Effect of Weight Gain Composition -- Effects on Birth Length and Head Circumference -- Gestational Duration -- Spontaneous Abortion (Miscarriage) -- Congenital Anomalies -- MATERNAL OUTCOMES -- Maternal Mortality -- Complications of Pregnancy, Labor, and Delivery -- Lactation Performance -- Postpartum Obesity -- SUMMARY -- CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS -- References -- 9 Weight Gain in Twin Pregnancies -- MORTALITY -- BIRTH WEIGHT -- GESTATION LENGTH AND LOW BIRTH WEIGHT -- MATERNAL FACTORS -- Physical Characteristics and Weight Gain -- Body Composition -- Physiologic Adaptations -- SUMMARY -- CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS -- References -- 10 Causality and Opportunities for Intervention -- THE CAUSAL PATHS -- THE EVIDENCE -- Do Nutritional Counseling, Energy Supplementation, and Maternal Attitudes Affect Energy Intake? -- Does Energy Intake Affect Gestational Weight Gain? -- Does Gestational Weight Gain Affect Short-Term Maternal/Child Health? -- Do Short-Term Maternal and Child Health Effects Lead to Longer-Term Effects? -- IMPLICATIONS -- References -- PART II DIETARY INTAKE AND NUTRIENT SUPPLEMENTS -- 11 Introduction. ; PREVIOUS RECOMMENDATIONS FROM PROFESSIONAL ORGANIZATIONS -- USAGE PATTERNS -- SCOPE OF REPORT -- UNDERLYING ASSUMPTIONS -- ORGANIZATION OF THE REPORT -- References -- 12 Assessment of Nutrient Needs -- NUTRIENT HOMEOSTASIS -- ASSESSMENT OF NUTRITIONAL STATUS -- ASSESSMENT OF NUTRIENT NEEDS -- ASSESSMENT OF DIETARY ADEQUACY -- RECOMMENDED DIETARY ALLOWANCES -- FACTORS INFLUENCING NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS AND THE NEED FOR SUPPLEMENTATION -- NUTRIENT-NUTRIENT INTERACTIONS -- NUTRIENT TOXICITIES -- SUMMARY -- CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS -- References -- 13 Dietary Intake During Pregnancy -- AVAILABLE DIETARY DATA -- LIMITATIONS OF THE DATA -- NUTRIENT INTAKES OF PREGNANT WOMEN -- ASSOCIATIONS OF MATERNAL CHARACTERISTICS WITH NUTRIENT INTAKE DURING PREGNANCY -- Ethnic Background -- Socioeconomic and Demographic Factors -- WIC Participation -- Maternal Age -- SUMMARY -- References -- 14 Iron Nutrition During Pregnancy -- IMPORTANCE OF IRON DURING PREGNANCY -- Definition of Anemia and Iron Deficiency -- Effects of Maternal Anemia on the Newborn -- PREVALENCE OF IRON DEFICIENCY -- SPECIAL GROUPS AT RISK -- Socioeconomic Indicators -- Racial and Ethnic Backgrounds -- Adolescents -- IRON METABOLISM IN RELATION TO PREGNANCY -- Essential and Storage Iron -- Iron Loss -- Regulation of Body Iron -- Absorption of Nonheme and Heme Iron from Food -- Intestinal Regulation -- IRON REQUIREMENTS FOR PREGNANCY -- CHARACTERISTICS OF IRON DEFICIENCY DURING PREGNANCY -- Laboratory Characteristics of Impaired Hemoglobin Production -- Physiologic Changes in Hemoglobin Concentration and Criteria for Anemia During Pregnancy -- ABSORPTION OF IRON SUPPLEMENTS -- Absorption from a Test Dose -- Therapeutic Trials -- How Much Extra Iron Must Be Absorbed from a Supplement in Order To Prevent Iron Deficiency? -- Duration and Dose -- Compliance and Side Effects -- CLINICAL APPLICATIONS. ; References -- 15 Trace Elements -- ZINC -- Cell Replication and Differentiation -- Reproduction in Animals -- Reproduction in Humans -- Estimated Zinc Requirements During Pregnancy -- Usual Zinc Intakes -- Dosage Range and Toxicity -- Criteria for Status Assessment -- Prevalence of Zinc Deficiency -- Effects of Other Supplements and of Nonnutritive Substances -- Recommendations for Supplementation -- COPPER -- Importance in Pregnancy -- Estimated Requirements During Pregnancy -- Usual Intakes -- Dosage Range and Toxicity -- Criteria for Status Assessment -- Prevalence of Deficiency -- Effects of Other Supplements -- Recommendations for Supplementation -- IODINE -- SELENIUM -- MANGANESE -- CHROMIUM -- MOLYBDENUM -- FLUORIDE -- SUMMARY -- CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS -- References -- 16 Calcium, Vitamin D, and Magnesium -- CALCIUM -- Metabolism -- Calcium Balance -- Maternal Bone Loss -- Supplementation and Hypertension -- Supplementation and Leg Cramps -- Recommendations -- VITAMIN D -- Metabolism -- Requirements -- Prevalence of Deficiency -- Seasonal Differences -- Racial, Ethnic, and Dietary Differences -- Effects of Deficiency -- Evidence for Supplementation -- Dosage -- Recommendations -- MAGNESIUM -- Metabolism -- Adequacy of Intake -- Recommendations -- Dosage -- SUMMARY -- CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS -- References -- 17 Vitamins A, E, and K -- VITAMIN A -- Importance -- Vitamin A During Pregnancy -- Units of Measurement -- Criteria for Deficiency -- Recommended Intakes -- Teratogenicity and Toxicity -- Usual Intake -- Recommendations for Supplementation -- VITAMIN E -- Importance -- Criteria for Deficiency -- Recommended and Usual Intakes -- Recommendations for Supplementation -- Special Considerations -- VITAMIN K -- Importance -- Criteria for Deficiency -- Recommended and Usual Intake -- Recommendations for Supplementation -- CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS. ; References.
• Titolo autorizzato: Nutrition during pregnancy
• ISBN: 1-280-21431-7; 9786610214310; 0-309-55558-2; 0-585-03778-7
• Formato: Materiale a stampa
• Livello bibliografico: Monografia
• Lingua di pubblicazione: Inglese
• Record Nr.: 9910819276703321
• Lo trovi qui: Univ. Federico II