Synergy [[electronic resource] /] / Mark L. Latash

• Autore: Latash Mark L. <1953->
• Pubblicazione: Oxford ; ; New York, : Oxford University Press, 2008
• Edizione: 1st ed.
• Descrizione fisica: xiv, 412 p. : ill
• Disciplina: 612.7/6
• Soggetto topico: Human mechanics; Biomechanics
• Nota di bibliografia: Includes bibliographical references (p. 363-403) and index.
• Nota di contenuto: Intro -- Contents -- Part 1: Building a Definition for Synergy -- 1.1 Synergies and Non-Synergies: A Few Examples -- 1.2 Palama's Concept of Synergy -- 1.3 Inanimate "Synergies": The Table and the Rusty Bucket -- 1.4 Examples of Biological Synergies -- 1.5 The Definition: Three Components of a Synergy -- Part 2: A Brief History of Movement Studies -- 2.1 Ancient Greece and Rome -- 2.2 Renaissance -- 2.3 The Century of Frogs, Photography, and Amazing Guesses -- 2.4 The Twentieth Century: Wars of Ideas -- 2.5 Nikolai Alexandrovich Bernstein and Movement Science in the Soviet Union -- 2.6 History of Synergies and the Problem of Motor Redundancy -- 2.7 Problems with Studying Biological Movement -- Part 3: Motor Control and Coordination -- 3.1 Israel Gelfand and Michael Tsetlin -- 3.2 Structural Units and the Principle of Minimal Interaction -- 3.3 Motor Control: Programs and Internal Models -- Digression #1. The Muscle: Slow and Visco-Elastic -- Digression #2. Neural Pathways: Long and Slow -- Digression #3. Sensors: Confusing and Unreliable -- Digression #4. Adaptation to Force Fields and After-Effects -- Digression #5. Brain Imaging Techniques: What Do They Image? -- 3.4 The Equilibrium-Point Hypothesis -- 3.4.1 Experimental Foundations of the Equilibrium-Point Hypothesis -- Digression #6. Reflexes and Nonreflexes -- 3.4.2 Equilibrium-Point Control of Simple Systems -- 3.4.3 Three Basic Trajectories within the Equilibrium-Point Hypothesis -- 3.4.4 Equilibrium-Point Control of Multi-Muscle Systems -- 3.4.5 The Mass-Spring Analogy and Other Misconceptions -- Part 4: Motor Variability: A Window into Synergies -- 4.1 The Uncontrolled Manifold Hypothesis -- 4.2 Modes as Elemental Variables -- 4.2.1 Force Modes -- Digression #7: Digit Interaction and Its Indices -- 4.2.2 Muscle Modes -- Digression #8: Electromyography. ; 4.2.3 Experimental Identification of the Jacobian -- 4.3 Stability, Variability, and Within-a-Trial Analysis of Synergies -- 4.4 Other Computational Tools to Study Synergies -- 4.4.1 Principal Component Analysis and Uncontrolled Manifold -- 4.4.2 Analysis of Surrogate Data Sets -- 4.5 Timing Synergies: Do They Exist? -- Part 5: Zoo of Motor Synergies -- 5.1 Kinematic Synergies -- 5.1.1 Postural Synergies in Standing -- 5.1.2 Sit-to-Stand Task -- 5.1.3 Reaching -- Digression # 9: Optimization -- 5.1.4 Reaching in a Changing Force Field -- 5.1.5 Multi-Joint Pointing -- 5.1.6 Quick-Draw Pistol Shooting -- 5.2 Kinetic Synergies -- 5.3 Multi-Digit Synergies -- 5.3.1 Force and Moment Stabilization during Multi-Finger Pressing -- 5.3.2 The Role of Timing Errors -- 5.3.3 Emergence and Disappearance of Synergies -- 5.3.4 Anticipatory Synergy Adjustments and Purposeful Destabilization of Performance -- 5.4 Prehensile Synergies -- 5.4.1 Hierarchical Control of Prehension -- 5.4.2 Principle of Superposition -- 5.4.3 Adjustments of Synergies: Chain Effects -- 5.4.4 Hierarchies of Synergies -- 5.5 Multi-Muscle Synergies -- 5.5.1 Anticipatory Postural Adjustments -- 5.5.2 Making a Step -- 5.5.3 Multi-Muscle Synergies in Hand Force Production -- Part 6: Atypical, Suboptimal, and Changing Synergies -- 6.1 Is There a "Normal Synergy"? -- 6.2 Principle of Indeterminicity in Movement Studies -- 6.3 Plasticity in the Central Nervous System -- Digression #10: Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation -- 6.4 Changes in Synergies with Age -- 6.4.1 Effects of Age on Muscles and Neurons -- 6.4.2 Effects of Age on Motor Coordination -- 6.5 Synergies in Persons with Down Syndrome -- 6.5.1 Movements in Persons with Down Syndrome -- 6.5.2 Multi-Finger Coordination in Down Syndrome -- 6.5.3 Effects of Practice on Movements in Down Syndrome. ; 6.5.4 Relation of Atypical Synergies to Changes in the Cerebellum -- 6.6 Synergies After Stroke -- 6.7 Learning Movement Synergies -- 6.7.1 Traditional Views on Motor Learning -- 6.7.2 What Can Happen with a Synergy with Practice? -- 6.7.3 Practicing Kinematic Tasks -- 6.7.4 Practicing Kinetic Tasks -- 6.7.5 Plastic Neural Changes with Learning a Synergy -- Part 7: Neurophysiological Mechanisms -- 7.1 Neurophysiological Structures and the Motor Function -- Digression #11: What Is Localized in Neural Structures? -- 7.2 Synergies in the Spinal Cord -- 7.3 Synergies and the Cerebellum -- 7.4 Synergies and the Basal Ganglia -- 7.5 Synergies and the Cortex of the Large Hemispheres -- 7.5.1 TMS and the Equilibrium-Point Hypothesis -- 7.5.2 Studies of Neuronal Populations -- Part 8: Models and Beyond Motor Synergies -- 8.1 Synergies and the Control Theory -- 8.1.1 Control: Basic Notions -- 8.1.2 Open-Loop and Closed-Loop (Feed-Forward and Feedback) Control -- 8.1.3 A Simple Feedback Scheme of Synergic Control of a Multi-Joint Movement -- 8.1.4 Optimal Control and Synergies -- 8.2 Synergies and Neural Networks -- 8.3 Synergies without Feedback -- 8.3.1 Do Synergies Improve Accuracy? -- 8.3.2 A Feed-Forward Model with Separate Specification of Good and Bad Variability -- 8.4 Synergies and the Equilibrium-Point Hypothesis -- 8.5 Sensory Synergies -- 8.5.1 Sensory Synergies in Neurological Disorders -- Digression #12: Sensory and Motor Effects of Muscle Vibration -- 8.5.2 Sensory-Motor Interactions -- 8.5.3 Sensory Synergies in Vertical Posture -- 8.5.4 Multi-Sensory Mechanisms -- 8.6 Language as a Synergy -- 8.7 Concluding Comments: What Next? -- References -- Index -- A -- B -- C -- D -- E -- F -- G -- H -- I -- J -- K -- L -- M -- N -- O -- P -- Q -- R -- S -- T -- U -- V -- W.
• Sommario/riassunto: The book suggests that synergy may be a word within an adequate language for biology. An operational definition of synergy is introduced and developed based on the uncontrolled manifold hypothesis. Synergies are described for a variety of tasks and subpopulations. Possible neurophysiological mechanisms and models of synergies are discussed.
• Titolo autorizzato: Synergy
• ISBN: 0199715564; 9780199715565
• Formato: Materiale a stampa
• Livello bibliografico: Monografia
• Lingua di pubblicazione: Inglese
• Record Nr.: 9910807925803321
• Lo trovi qui: Univ. Federico II