Toward a new social contract : taking on distributional tensions in Europe and Central Asia / / Maurizio Bussolo [and three others]

• Autore: Bussolo Maurizio <1964->
• Pubblicazione: Washington, District of Columbia : , : World Bank Group, , 2019
• Descrizione fisica: 1 online resource (251 pages)
• Disciplina: 330.94055
• Soggetto geografico: Europe Economic conditions 1945-
• Soggetto genere / forma: Electronic books.
• Nota di contenuto: Cover -- Half Title -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Foreword -- About the Authors and Contributors -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- Regional Classifications Used in This Report -- Overview -- Distributional Tensions and the Need to Rethink the Social Contract -- Equity: A Key Aspiration in the Region -- Balancing Markets, Policies, and Preferences -- The Market-Generated Distribution of Incomes -- Public Policy Responses -- Preferences for Equity -- Fissures in the Social Contract -- Looking Ahead: Public Policies for a Stable Social Contract -- Conclusion -- Notes -- References -- 1 Introduction -- Emerging Distributional Tensions in Europe and Central Asia -- The Potential Implications for the Social Contract -- Is a Rethinking of the Social Contract in the Region Warranted? -- Notes -- References -- 2 Are Distributional Tensions Brewing in Europe and Central Asia? -- Inequality across Individuals in Europe and Central Asia -- Labor Market Polarization and the Shifting Demand for Skills -- An Increasing Generational Divide, and the Young Are Losing Ground -- Persistent Spatial Disparities across the Region -- Rising Inequality of Opportunity, Particularly in the East -- Distributional Tensions and the Path to a Middle-Class Society -- Annex 2A. Statistical Tables -- Notes -- References -- 3 Are Public Policies Equipped to Respond to Distributional Tensions? -- Labor Markets Are Changing, and Policy Is Not Ensuring Equal Protection -- The Impact of Tax and Transfer Systems on Income Redistribution -- Limited Labor Mobility Affects the Opportunities in High-Productivity Areas -- Annex 3A. Decomposition Analysis: Drivers of Change in Redistribution -- Annex 3B. Policy Changes That Have Contributed to Redistribution -- Annex 3C. The Impact of Taxes and Transfers on Redistribution -- Notes -- References. ; 4 The Social Contract: Do Distributional Tensions Matter? -- Introduction -- The Third Component of the Social Contract: The Preference for Equity -- There Are Fissures in the Social Contract in the Region -- Notes -- References -- 5 How Can the Stability of the Social Contract Be Restored? -- Introduction -- Promoting Growth and Protecting People -- Extending Social Protection to Everyone -- More Progressive Taxation -- Reducing Inequality of Opportunity through Improved Services -- Conclusion -- Notes -- References -- Boxes -- 2.1 Horizontal Inequality -- 2.2 Construction of Occupational Categories -- 2.3 Decomposing the Change in Wages: The Role of Occupational Change -- 2.4 Teachers and Drivers: Low Wages in High-Skill Occupations in the Former Soviet Union Economies -- 2.5 The Changing Education and Task Profile of Nonstandard Employment -- 2.6 A Closer Look at Spatial Disparities in the Russian Federation -- 2.7 Calculating Measures of Intergenerational Mobility -- 2.8 Defining the Middle Class -- 2.9 Defining the Absolute Middle-Class Threshold, a Vulnerability Approach -- 3.1 Labor Market Institutions Pick the Winners, France versus the United States -- 3.2 Italy: Toward One Type of Employment Contract -- 3.3 Housing and Labor Mobility Constraints in Kazakhstan -- 4.1 Preferences for Equity and Demand for Redistribution, a Brief Digression -- 5.1 The Perils of Excessive Employment Protection -- 5.2 Helping Displaced Workers through Active Labor Market Programs -- 5.3 Progressive Universalism -- 5.4 Types of Social Assistance Cash Transfers -- 5.5 Distributional and Fiscal Effects of a UBI, Selected EU Countries -- 5.6 Should Taxes Be Higher on Capital Income or on Wealth? -- Figures -- O. 1 The social contract as a dynamic equilibrium -- O.2 Distributional tensions along four dimensions are explored. ; O.3 Income inequality is much higher among cohorts born in the 1980s -- O.4 The employment share of routine task-intensive occupations has fallen in Europe -- O.5 The share of employment, by occupational category, early 2000s to mid-2010s -- O.6 Between-region spatial inequalities within countries have increased in the European Union -- O.7 The middle class in the European Union has become more vulnerable -- O.8 Measured changes in inequality explain little of the demand for redistribution -- O.9 Perceived inequality correlates strongly with the demand for redistribution -- O.10 At any decile of consumption, individuals more likely feel poor when they are not in full-time employment -- 1.1 Income inequality is lower in Europe and Central Asia than in most of the rest of the world -- 1.2 The social contract as a dynamic equilibrium -- 1.3 Distributional tensions along four dimensions are explored -- 2.1 Trends in income inequality, European Union, 1988-2015 -- 2.2 Trends in consumption inequality, former Soviet Union economies, Turkey, and Western Balkans, 1988-2013 -- 2.3 Gini index adjusted for the top incomes, 2011 -- 2.4 The number of billionaires and their net worth have increased -- 2.5 The declining share of labor income, particularly in transition economies -- 2.6 The employment share in routine task-intensive occupations has fallen in Europe -- 2.7 The share of employment, by occupational category, early 2000s to mid-2010s -- 2.8 Changes in wages, Germany, Poland, and Spain, 1990s to 2013 -- 2.9 Wage changes, Georgia, Kyrgyz Republic, Russian Federation, and Turkey, 1990s to 2010s -- B2.4.1 Distribution of teaching professionals, drivers, and mobile plant operators, initial year -- 2.10 Nonstandard employment (NSE) has expanded in most of Europe and Central Asia. ; 2.11 The composition of nonstandard employment differs in countries and regions -- B2.5.1 Changes in the education profile of workers, by employment type -- B2.5.2 Changes in task content, by employment type -- 2.12 Rising nonstandard employment (NSE), Southern and Western Europe -- 2.13 Rising nonstandard employment (NSE), Central and Northern Europe -- 2.14 Average job tenure has been mostly stable in Europe and Central Asia -- 2.15 Tenure is decreasing among the young, but less among the middle and older age-groups -- 2.16 Household income, by age of household head, Western, Northern, and Southern Europe -- 2.17 Household income, by age of household head, Central Europe, Baltic States, Russian Federation, and Turkey -- 2.18 Average annual earnings, 30-34 age-group, Southern Europe, 2004-14 -- 2.19 Average annual earnings, 30-34 age-group, Western Europe, 2004-14 -- 2.20 Average annual earnings, 30-34 age-group, Central Europe, 2004-14 -- 2.21 Average annual earnings, 30-34 age-group, Northern Europe, 2004-14 -- 2.22 Income inequality is much higher among cohorts born in the 1980s -- 2.23 Spatial disparities in welfare are not uncommon in the region -- 2.24 Gaps between urban and rural areas are largest in Georgia and Tajikistan and are negative only in Greece -- 2.25 Between-region inequality has widened in some countries -- 2.26 Inequality between urban and rural areas has increased in some countries -- 2.27 Gaps in mean consumption, circa 2003-13 -- 2.28 Between-region spatial inequalities within countries have increased in the European Union -- 2.29 Regional disparities in disposable income rose, were unchanged, or declined -- 2.30 The spatial dispersion of poverty rates has increased -- 2.31 Differences in characteristics and in returns to characteristics help explain welfare gaps across geographical areas, circa 2013. ; 2.32 Gaps in PISA reading scores: often equivalent to a year of schooling, urban and rural areas -- 2.33 Moldova: indicators of service quality, by region, 2013 -- 2.34 Income inequality, Europe, 2005 and 2011 -- 2.35 Trends in inequality of opportunity: France, Germany, Italy, United Kingdom -- 2.36 Decomposition of inequality of opportunity in age and cohort effects, France, Germany, Italy, United Kingdom -- 2.37 Decomposition of inequality of opportunity -- 2.38 Income inequality and inequality of opportunity in obtaining income -- 2.39 Inequality of opportunity in tertiary education -- 2.40 Intergenerational persistence in education, Europe and Central Asia -- 2.41 Trends in the relative size of the middle class, Europe and Central Asia -- 2.42 Income classes, subregions of Europe and Central Asia, excluding the EU15 -- 2.43 Age-groups along the income distribution -- 2.44 Cumulative change in the share of people living in single-adult households, by country -- 2.45 Change in the share of people living in single-adult households, by income, France, Italy, Poland -- 2.46 The decline in single-breadwinner households across the region -- 2.47 The middle class in the European Union has become more vulnerable -- B2.9.1 The vulnerability-income function: identifying the middle-class threshold -- 2.48 The profile of those vulnerable to poverty now looks like the middle class of yesterday -- 3.1 Union membership -- 3.2 Employment protection and job quality, Europe and Central Asia versus the rest of the world -- 3.3 Employment protection differs within the region and has shifted -- 3.4 Protections governing contracts, Central Asia and OECD Europe, 1990-2009 -- 3.5 Spending on labor market interventions varies across the region -- 3.6 Employment protection, by contract type, Eastern Europe and Central Asia. ; 3.7 Employment structure, selected countries of Eastern Europe and Central Asia.
• Titolo autorizzato: Toward a new social contract
• ISBN: 1-4648-1354-X
• Formato: Materiale a stampa
• Livello bibliografico: Monografia
• Lingua di pubblicazione: Inglese
• Record Nr.: 9910511726903321
• Lo trovi qui: Univ. Federico II
• Serie: Europe and Central Asia studies.