On the origin of species by means of natural selection [[electronic resource] ] : or, The Preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life / / Charles Darwin

• Autore: Darwin Charles <1809-1882.>
• Pubblicazione: London, : Electric Book Co., c2001
• Descrizione fisica: 1 online resource (422 p.)
• Disciplina: 576.8/2
• Soggetto topico: Evolution; Natural selection
• Note generali: Cover title : On the origin of species.
• Nota di contenuto: Intro -- Charles Darwin -- CONTENTS -- AN HISTORICAL SKETCH OF THE PROGRESS OF OPINION -- INTRODUCTION -- CHAPTER I: VARIATION UNDER DOMESTICATION -- Causes of Variability 21 -- Effects of Habit 24 -- Correlation of Growth 24 -- Inheritance 26 -- Character of Domestic Varieties 27 -- Difficulty of distinguishing between Varieties and Species 28 -- Origin of Domestic Varieties from one or more Species 29 -- Domestic Pigeons, their Differences and Origin 31 -- Principle of Selection anciently followed, its Effects 39 -- Methodical and Unconscious Selection 42 -- Unknown Origin of our Domestic Productions 47 -- Circumstances favourable to Man's power of Selection 48 -- CHAPTER II: VARIATION UNDER NATURE -- Variability 52 -- Individual differences 52 -- Doubtful species 53 -- Wide ranging, much diffused, and common species vary most 58 -- Species of the larger genera in any country vary more than the species of the smaller genera 59 -- Many of the species of the larger genera resemble varieties 61 -- CHAPTER III: STRUGGLE FOR EXISTENCE -- Bears on natural selection 65 -- The term used in a wide sense 66 -- Geometrical powers of increase 66 -- Rapid increase of naturalised animals and plants 67 -- Nature of the checks to increase 69 -- Competition universal 70 -- Effects of climate 71 -- Protection from the number of individuals 72 -- Complex relations of all animals and plants throughout nature 72 -- Struggle for life most severe between individuals and varieties of the same species 76 -- The relation of organism to organism the most important of all relations 77 -- CHAPTER IV: NATURAL SELECTION -- Natural Selection 81 -- its power compared with man's selection 82 -- its power on characters of trifling importance 83 -- its power at all ages and on both sexes 85 -- Sexual Selection 86. ; On the generality of intercrosses between individuals of the same species 92 -- Circumstances favourable and unfavourable to Natural Selection, namely, intercrossing, isolation, number of individuals 97 -- Slow action 102 -- Extinction caused by Natural Selection 103 -- Divergence of Character, related to the diversity of inhabitants 104 -- Action of Natural Selection, through Divergence of Character and Extinction 106 -- Explains the Grouping of all organic beings 116 -- CHAPTER V: LAWS OF VARIATION -- Effects of external conditions 122 -- Use and disuse, combined with natural selection -- organs of flight and of vision 123 -- Acclimatisation 127 -- Correlation of growth 130 -- Compensation and economy of growth 133 -- False correlations 134 -- Multiple, rudimentary, and lowly organised structures variable 134 -- Parts developed in an unusual manner are highly variable 136 -- Species of the same genus vary in an analogous manner 138 -- Reversions to long-lost characters 143 -- Summary 154 -- CHAPTER VI: DIFFICULTIES ON THEORY -- Difficulties on the theory of descent with modification 152 -- Transitions 153 -- Absence or rarity of transitional varieties 153 -- Transitions in habits of life 154 -- Diversified habits in the same species 154 -- Species with habits widely different from those of their allies 162 -- Organs of extreme perfection 164 -- Means of transition 167 -- Cases of difficulty 169 -- Natura non facit saltum 170 -- Organs of small importance 170 -- Organs not in all cases absolutely perfect 176 -- The law of Unity of Type and of the Conditions of Existence 180 -- CHAPTER VII: INSTINCT -- Instincts comparable with habits, but different in their origin 182 -- Instincts graduated 183 -- Aphides and ants 184 -- Instincts variable 185 -- Domestic instincts, their origin 185. ; Natural instincts of the cuckoo, ostrich, and parasitic bees 189 -- Slave-making ants 190 -- Hive-bee, its cell-making instinct 194 -- Difficulties on the theory of the Natural Selection of instincts 203 -- Neuter or sterile insects 203 -- Summary 209 -- CHAPTER VIII: HYBRIDISM -- Distinction between the sterility of first crosses and of hybrids 212 -- Sterility various in degree, not universal, affected by close interbreeding, removed by domestication 214 -- Laws governing the sterility of hybrids 218 -- Sterility not a special endowment, but incidental on other differences 223 -- Causes of the sterility of first crosses and of hybrids 225 -- Parallelism between the effects of changed conditions of life and crossing 226 -- Fertility of varieties when crossed and of their mongrel offspring not universal 228 -- Hybrids and mongrels compared independently of their fertility 232 -- Summary 235 -- CHAPTER IX:ON THE IMPERFECTION OF THE GEOLOGICAL RECORD -- On the absence of intermediate varieties at the present day 237 -- On the nature of extinct intermediate varieties -- on their number 238 -- On the vast lapse of time 239 -- On the poorness of our palaeontological collections 244 -- On the intermittence of geological formations 245 -- On the absence of intermediate varieties in any one formation 251 -- On their sudden appearance in the lowest known fossiliferous strata 258 -- CHAPTER X: ON THE GEOLOGICAL SUCCESSION OF ORGANIC BEINGS -- On the slow and successive appearance of new species 263 -- On their different rates of change 264 -- Species once lost do not reappear 265 -- Groups of species follow the same general rules in their appearance and disappearance as do single species 266 -- On Extinction 267 -- On simultaneous changes in the forms of life throughout the world 271. ; On the affinities of extinct species to each other and to living species 276 -- On the state of development of ancient forms 282 -- On the succession of the same types within the same areas 284 -- Summary of preceding and present chapters 286 -- CHAPTER XI: GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION -- Present distribution cannot be accounted for by differences in physical conditions 290 -- Importance of barriers 291 -- Affinity of the productions of the same continent 292 -- Centres of creation 294 -- Means of dispersal, by changes of climate and of the level of the land 298 -- Dispersal during the Glacial period co-extensive with the world 305 -- CHAPTER XII: GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION continued -- Distribution of fresh-water productions 319 -- On the inhabitants of oceanic islands 323 -- Absence of Batrachians and of terrestrial Mammals 326 -- On the relations of the inhabitants of islands to those of the nearest mainland 330 -- On colonisation from the nearest source with subsequent modification 331 -- Summary of the last and present chapters 337 -- CHAPTER XIII:CLASSIFICATION MUTUAL AFFINITIES OF ORGANIC BEINGS: MORPHOLOGY: EMBRYOLOGY: RUDIMENTARY ORGANS -- Classification, groups subordinate to groups 341 -- Natural System 342 -- Rules and difficulties in classification, explained on the theory of descent with modification 343 -- Classification of varieties 350 -- Descent always used in classification 351 -- Analogical or adaptive characters 354 -- Affinities, general, complex and radiating 356 -- Extinction separates and defines groups 347 -- MORPHOLOGY, between members of the same class, between parts of the same individual 359 -- EMBRYOLOGY, laws of, explained by variations not supervening at an early age, and being inherited at a corresponding age 363 -- RUDIMENTARY ORGANS -- their origin explained 372 -- Summary 376. ; CHAPTER XIV: RECAPITULATION AND CONCLUSION -- Recapitulation of the difficulties on the theory of Natural Selection 379 -- Recapitulation of the general and special circumstances in its favour 384 -- Causes of the general belief in the immutability of species 396 -- How far the theory of natural selection may be extended 398 -- Effects of its adoption on the study of Natural history 399 -- Concluding remarks 400 -- GLOSSARY OF THE PRINCIPAL SCIENTIFIC TERMS USED IN THE PRESENT VOLUME -- INDEX -- Absence of intermediate varieties in any one formation 251 -- Acclimatisation 127 -- Affinities of extinct species to each other and to living species 276 -- Affinities, general, complex and radiating 356 -- Affinity of organic beings -- 119 -- 155 -- Alpine productions -- 310 -- 312 -- and distribution 393 -- Ancient forms and modern embryos 283 -- Anomalous habits -- 162 -- 163 -- Archetype 360 -- Artificially fertilised hybrids 214 -- Balancement of growth 133 -- Barren deposits 250 -- Barriers: Importance of 291 -- Batrachians and of terrestrial Mammals: absence off 326 -- Causes of the sterility of first crosses and of hybrids 225 -- Centres of creation 294 -- Characters -- generic 140 -- specific 139 -- Adaptive or analogical" 343 -- Adaptive or analogical" 354 -- Classification and -- uniform characters 346 -- generative organs 344 -- embryos 347 -- embryos 353 -- embryos 371 -- chains of affinities 347 -- geographical distribution 347 -- rudimentary structures 352 -- rudimentary structures 376 -- Classification, groups subordinate to groups 341 -- Climate and species -- 70 -- 71 -- 81 -- 155 -- 172 -- 318 -- Close interbreeding and fertility -- 93 -- 214 -- Common organs -- 166 -- 171. ; Compensation and economy of growth 133.
• Titolo autorizzato: On the Origin of Species
• Formato: Materiale a stampa
• Livello bibliografico: Monografia
• Lingua di pubblicazione: Inglese
• Record Nr.: 9910815576703321
• Lo trovi qui: Univ. Federico II