Understanding risk : informing decisions in a democratic society / / Paul C. Stern and Harvey V. Fineberg, editors

• Pubblicazione: Washington, D.C., : National Academy Press, 1996
• Edizione: 1st ed.
• Descrizione fisica: 1 online resource (xii, 249 pages)
• Disciplina: 302/.12
• Soggetto topico: Risk assessment; Policy sciences
• Altri autori: SternPaul C. <1944-> FinebergHarvey V
• Note generali: "Committee on Risk Characterization, Commission on Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education, National Research Council."
• Nota di bibliografia: Includes bibliographical references (p. 217-240) and index.
• Nota di contenuto: Understanding Risk -- Copyright -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- Preface -- Summary -- 1 The Idea of Risk Characterization -- BEYOND TRANSLATION -- A Decision-Driven Activity -- Recognizing All Significant Concerns -- An Analytic-Deliberative Process -- Matching the Process to the Decision -- PARTICIPATION AND KNOWLEDGE IN RISK DECISIONS -- Rationales for Participation -- Role of Science -- AN EXPANDED FRAMEWORK -- A New Definition and Its Implications -- The Risk Assessment-Risk Management Distinction -- Structure of the Book -- 2 Judgment in the Risk Decision Process -- PROBLEM FORMULATION -- The Concept of Risk -- Missing Considerations -- Fairness -- Prevention -- Rights -- SELECTION OF OPTIONS AND OUTCOMES -- Ecological Effects -- Economic and Social Effects -- Effects on Future Generations -- Ripple Effects -- Effects on Democracy, Governance, and Ethical Beliefs -- Conclusion -- INFORMATION GATHERING AND INTERPRETATION -- Choosing a Risk Measure -- Making Simplifying Assumptions -- SYNTHESIS -- Summarization -- The Multidimensional Nature of Risk -- The Meaning of Risk Estimates -- Uncertainty -- Specific Populations -- Multiple Exposures -- Communication -- CONCLUSION: THE IMPORTANCE OF PROCESS DESIGN -- 3 Deliberation -- ROLE OF DELIBERATION -- PURPOSES OF BROADLY BASED DELIBERATION -- LIMITATIONS AND CHALLENGES -- Limitations -- Challenges -- STANDARDS AND GOALS FOR DELIBERATION -- Involve the Interested and Affected Parties -- Who Are the Interested and Affected Parties? -- Is Direct Participation Needed? -- Selecting Participants -- Timing Participation -- Listening to the Participants -- Explicitly Address External Constraints -- Strive for Fairness in the Process -- Plan for Flexibility and Iteration -- Recognize the Roles of the Responsible Organization -- Use Appropriate Methods -- 4 Analysis. ; PURPOSES AND CHALLENGES OF ANALYSIS -- STANDARDS FOR GOOD ANALYSIS -- ANALYSIS TO REDUCE THE COMPLEXITY OF RISK -- THE ANALYSIS OF UNCERTAINTY -- Uncertainties that Matter -- Purposes -- Limits -- Social Context -- Summary and Implications -- CONCLUSIONS -- 5 Integrating Analysis and Deliberation -- PROBLEM FORMULATION -- PROCESS DESIGN -- SELECTION OF OPTIONS AND OUTCOMES -- INFORMATION GATHERING AND INTERPETATION -- SYNTHESIS OF INFORMATION -- ACHIEVING CLOSURE -- CONCLUSION -- 6 Implementing the New Approach -- PRACTICALITY -- DIAGNOSIS: MATCHING THE PROCESS TO THE DECISION -- The Risk Decision Landscape -- Unique and Wide-Impact Decisions -- Routine and Narrow-Impact Decisions -- Repeated, Wide-Impact Decisions -- Generic Hazard and Dose-Response Characterizations -- Decisions about Policies for Risk Analysis -- Diagnostic Steps and Questions -- 1. Diagnose the Kind of Risk and the State of Knowledge -- 2. Describe the Legal Mandate -- 3. Describe the Purpose of the Risk Decision -- 4. Describe the Affected Parties and Likely Public Reactions -- 5. Estimate Resource Needs and Timetable -- 6. Plan for Organizational Needs -- 7. Develop a Preliminary Process Design -- 8. Summarize and Discuss Diagnosis within the Organization -- Conclusion -- BUILDING ORGANIZATIONAL CAPABILITY -- Organizational Issues -- Improving the Knowledge Base -- CONCLUSION -- 7 Principles for Risk Characterization -- Appendix A Six Cases in Risk Analysis and Characterization -- APPLICATION OF ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT PRINCIPLES FOR THE SUSTAINABILITY OF SOUTH FLORIDA -- APPLICATION TO SOUTH FLORIDA -- Implications of the Case Study -- APPROVAL OF THE WASTE TECHNOLOGIES, INC. INCINERATOR AT EAST LIVERPOOL, OHIO -- REGULATORY NEGOTIATION FOR A DISINFECTANT BY-PRODUCTS RULE -- Forming the Negotiating Committee and Technical Support -- Defining the Problem and Informational Needs. ; Integrating Deliberation and Analysis -- A Creative Solution to Handling Uncertainty -- Conclusions -- SITING A POWER PLANT WITH THE AID OF DECISION ANALYSIS TOOLS -- Multiattribute Utility Analysis -- The Decision Process -- Additional Features of the Case -- THE CALIFORNIA COMPARATIVE RISK PROJECT -- PLANNING FUTURE LAND USES AT HANFORD, WASHINGTON -- Appendix B Common Approaches to Deliberation and Public Participation -- PUBLIC HEARINGS -- CITIZEN ADVISORY COMMITTEES AND TASK FORCES -- ALTERNATIVE DISPUTE RESOLUTION -- CITIZENS' JURIES AND CITIZENS' PANELS -- SURVEYS -- FOCUS GROUPS -- INTERACTIVE TECHNOLOGY-BASED APPROACHES -- COMBINATIONS OF DELIBERATIVE METHODS -- Appendix C Biographical Sketches -- Glossary -- References -- Index.
• Sommario/riassunto: Understanding Risk addresses a central dilemma of risk decisionmaking in a democracy: detailed scientific and technical information is essential for making decisions, but the people who make and live with those decisions are not scientists. The key task of risk characterization is to provide needed and appropriate information to decisionmakers and the public. This important new volume illustrates that making risks understandable to the public involves much more than translating scientific knowledge. The volume also draws conclusions about what society should expect from risk characterization and offers clear guidelines and principles for informing the wide variety of risk decisions that face our increasingly technological society. Understanding Risk Frames fundamental questions about what risk characterization means. Reviews traditional definitions and explores new conceptual and practical approaches. Explores how risk characterization should inform decisionmakers and the public. Looks at risk characterization in the context of the entire decisionmaking process. Understanding Risk discusses how risk characterization has fallen short in many recent controversial decisions. Throughout the text, examples and case studies--such as planning for the long-term ecological health of the Everglades or deciding on the operation of a waste incinerator--bring key concepts to life. Understanding Risk will be important to anyone involved in risk issues: federal, state, and local policymakers and regulators; risk managers; scientists; industrialists; researchers; and concerned individuals.
• Titolo autorizzato: Understanding risk
• ISBN: 9786610210824; 9780309133241; 0309133246; 9781280210822; 1280210826; 9780309578493; 0309578493; 9780585002422; 0585002428
• Formato: Materiale a stampa
• Livello bibliografico: Monografia
• Lingua di pubblicazione: Inglese
• Record Nr.: 9910957221403321
• Lo trovi qui: Univ. Federico II