Marine radioecology . Volume 6 / / Jean-Claude Amiard

• Autore: Amiard J. C.
• Pubblicazione: John Wiley & Sons, Inc; London, England ; ; Hoboken, New Jersey : , : ISTE Ltd : , : John Wiley & Sons, Inc., , [2022]; ©2022
• Descrizione fisica: 1 online resource (337 pages)
• Disciplina: 929.374
• Soggetto topico: Ecology
• Nota di bibliografia: Includes bibliographical references and index.
• Nota di contenuto: Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Chapter 1. General Information on Marine Radioecology and on Risk Assessment -- 1.1. General information on radioecology -- 1.1.1. History of radioecology -- 1.1.2. The main marine radioecology laboratories -- 1.1.3. The triad of radioecology: exposure, bioaccumulation and adverse effect -- 1.2. The principle of risk assessment -- 1.3. The particular case of the risk linked to ionizing radiation -- Chapter 2. The Origins of Radionuclides in Marine Environments -- 2.1. Natural or anthropogenic origins of radionuclides in the marine environment -- 2.2. The natural origins of radionuclides -- 2.3. The military origins of anthropogenic radionuclides -- 2.3.1. Radionuclides due to atmospheric fallout from atomic device explosions -- 2.3.2. Direct releases of radionuclides from nuclear deterrence activities -- 2.3.3. Indirect releases of radionuclides due to nuclear deterrence activities -- 2.4. Civilian origins of anthropogenic radionuclides related to the nuclear fuel cycle -- 2.4.1. Uranium mines and nuclear fuel fabrication plants -- 2.4.2. The use of nuclear fuel -- 2.4.3. Spent fuel reprocessing plants -- 2.5. The origins of anthropogenic radionuclides linked to accidents -- 2.5.1. The Thule accident -- 2.5.2. Releases due to submarine accidents -- 2.5.3. The Chernobyl accident -- 2.5.4. The Fukushima accident -- 2.6. Indirect anthropogenic origins due to rivers and groundwater -- 2.7. Anthropogenic origins of radioactive waste -- 2.8. Conclusion -- Chapter 3. The Fate of Radionuclides in the Marine Environment -- 3.1. The introduction of radionuclides into the marine environment -- 3.1.1. Diffuse or limited, chronic or intermittent introduction of radionuclides into the marine environment. ; 3.1.2. Chemical speciation of radionuclides during their introduction into the environment -- 3.2. The behavior of radionuclides in the marine environment -- 3.2.1. Conservative and non-conservative radionuclides -- 3.2.2. The distribution coefficient Kd -- 3.2.3. Factors influencing Kd -- 3.2.4. Chemical speciation of radionuclides -- 3.2.5. The physico-chemical behavior of radionuclides in marine waters -- 3.3. Dispersion of radionuclides in marine waters -- 3.3.1. The passage of radionuclides through estuaries -- 3.3.2. Dispersion in marine waters -- 3.4. Dispersion of radionuclides with marine sedimentary particles -- 3.5. Conclusion -- Chapter 4. The Fate of Radionuclides in the Marine Biosphere -- 4.1. Introduction -- 4.2. Penetration pathways of radionuclides in living organisms -- 4.2.1. Exposure pathways of flora and fauna -- 4.2.2. Transmembrane passages -- 4.2.3. Body distribution -- 4.3. Radionuclide bioaccumulation mechanisms -- 4.3.1. Accumulation mechanisms in plants -- 4.3.2. Accumulation mechanisms in animals -- 4.4. Influence of ecological factors on radioactive contamination -- 4.4.1. Influence of abiotic factors on radioactive contamination of aquatic organisms -- 4.4.2. Biological factors in the contamination of organisms -- 4.4.3. Influence of living organisms on the cycle of radionuclides in the aquatic environment -- 4.5. The organotropism of radionuclides -- 4.6. The mechanisms for the chemical detoxification of radionuclides -- 4.6.1. Chemical detoxification in animals: biomineralization and induction of metallothionein -- 4.6.2. Storage forms and chemical speciation of radionuclides in organisms -- 4.6.3. Influence of chemical speciation in the biota on trophic transfers -- 4.7. Disposal of radionuclides -- 4.8. Quantification of radionuclide transfers to organisms. ; 4.8.1. The various methodologies for estimating radionuclide transfers -- 4.8.2. Transfer of radionuclides from water to organisms or bioconcentration -- 4.8.3. Transfer of radionuclides from sediment to benthic organisms -- 4.8.4. Trophic transfers of radionuclides -- 4.9. Conclusion -- Chapter 5. Radioactive Contamination of the Marine Environment and Monitoring Programs -- 5.1. Introduction -- 5.2. Radioactive contamination of marine environments -- 5.2.1. Radioactive contamination by natural radionuclides -- 5.2.2. The current state of radioactive contamination of the marine environment -- 5.2.3. The marine sites of atmospheric atomic tests -- 5.2.4. Sites affected by atmospheric deposition -- 5.2.5. Sites contaminated by spent fuel reprocessing plants -- 5.2.6. Sites affected by nuclear accidents -- 5.2.7. Sites affected by submerged radioactive waste -- 5.2.8. Sites with little impact from radioactive pollution -- 5.3. Environmental radiological monitoring networks -- 5.3.1. General information -- 5.3.2. Environmental monitoring using bioaccumulators -- 5.4. International and regional marine environmental monitoring networks -- 5.4.1. The work of the IAEA in the field of the marine environment -- 5.4.2. OSPAR radiological monitoring -- 5.4.3. The northern sea networks -- 5.5. Radiological monitoring in France -- 5.5.1. Principles of control -- 5.5.2. The IRSN monitoring network -- 5.5.3. RNM (Réseau national de mesures de la radioactivité de l'environnement) -- 5.6. Conclusion -- Chapter 6. Radiation Doses Received by Marine Organisms -- 6.1. Introduction -- 6.2. Methodologies for estimating the dose given to marine organisms -- 6.2.1. The units of radiation doses -- 6.2.2. The difficulties of estimating the radiation dose -- 6.3. Examples of natural radiation doses to marine organisms -- 6.3.1. Pelagic marine organisms. ; 6.3.2. Benthic marine organisms -- 6.3.3. Deep-sea marine organisms and hydrothermal sources -- 6.4. Examples of anthropogenic radiation doses to organisms -- 6.4.1. Irradiation doses resulting from the testing of atomic bombs -- 6.4.2. Radiation doses resulting from nuclear accidents -- 6.4.3. Irradiation dose from spent fuel reprocessing plants -- 6.4.4. Radiation dose from oil and gas operations -- 6.4.5. Irradiation dose due to experimental contamination -- 6.5. The ICRP approach -- 6.5.1. Reference organisms (RAP, Reference Animal or Plant) -- 6.5.2. Limitations of the methodology -- 6.5.3. Towards essential improvements -- 6.6. Systematic underestimation of the dose received by organisms -- 6.7. Conclusion -- Chapter 7. Effects of Irradiation on Marine Organisms -- 7.1. General information on the effects of irradiation -- 7.1.1. Modes of action of ionizing radiation -- 7.1.2. Deterministic and stochastic effects -- 7.2. Effects of ionizing radiation at the molecular level -- 7.2.1. Effects on DNA -- 7.2.2. Induction of cytogenetic and genetic effects -- 7.2.3. Effects on other biomolecules -- 7.3. Effects of irradiation at the subcellular and cellular levels -- 7.3.1. Physical alterations of chromosome structure -- 7.3.2. Histopathological changes -- 7.3.3. Induction of defense and damage biomarkers -- 7.4. Effects of irradiation on individuals -- 7.4.1. Mortality -- 7.4.2. Alteration of reproduction -- 7.4.3. Influence of the vital stage -- 7.4.4. Radiosensitivity and radioresistance of organisms -- 7.4.5. Conclusions on the effects of irradiation at the individual level -- 7.5. Ecological community effects of irradiation -- 7.5.1. Monitoring of highly contaminated areas -- 7.5.2. Partial conclusions -- 7.6. Confounding factors on the effects of irradiation -- 7.7. Systematic under-evaluation of the biological effects of ionizing radiation. ; 7.7.1. Harmfulness according to life stage -- 7.7.2. Harmfulness by tissue or organ -- 7.7.3. Harmfulness according to emitters -- 7.7.4. Not taking into account the bystander effect -- 7.7.5. Failure to take into account the interactions between the effects of radionuclides -- 7.7.6. Failure to take into account biodiversity in the marine environment -- 7.8. Conclusion -- Chapter 8. Characterization of Radioactive Risk in Marine Organisms -- 8.1. The principle of radioactive risk characterization -- 8.1.1. International organizations involved in radioactive risk assessment -- 8.1.2. European research -- 8.2. Methods for selecting reference values -- 8.2.1. The ICRP approach -- 8.2.2. The ERICA approach -- 8.3. Tools for assessing radioactive risk to non-human organisms -- 8.3.1. The ERICA tool -- 8.3.2. The FASSET database -- 8.4. Recommendations of radiation doses for marine organisms -- 8.5. Applications and feedback -- 8.6. Gaps in the characterization of radioactive risk -- 8.6.1. Position of international organizations with respect to the ICRP approach -- 8.6.2. Transgenerational effects -- 8.6.3. Ignorance of biodiversity -- 8.6.4. The choice of the threshold adverse effect -- 8.7. Conclusion -- Conclusion -- List of Acronyms -- References -- Index -- EULA.
• Titolo autorizzato: Marine radioecology
• ISBN: 1-394-18609-6; 1-394-18607-X
• Formato: Materiale a stampa
• Livello bibliografico: Monografia
• Lingua di pubblicazione: Inglese
• Record Nr.: 9910830938103321
• Lo trovi qui: Univ. Federico II