Use of reclaimed water and sludge in food crop production / / Committee on the Use of Treated Municipal Wastewater Effluents and Sludge in the Production of Crops for Human Consumption, Water Science and Technology Board, Commission on Geosciences, Environment, and Resources, National Research Council

• Pubblicazione: Washington, D.C., : National Academy Press, 1996
• Edizione: 1st ed.
• Descrizione fisica: 1 online resource (192 p.)
• Soggetto topico: Sewage sludge as fertilizer; Sewage sludge as fertilizer - Environmental aspects; Sewage sludge as fertilizer - Health aspects
• Note generali: Bibliographic Level Mode of Issuance: Monograph
• Nota di bibliografia: Includes bibliographical references.
• Nota di contenuto: Use of Reclaimed Water and Sludge in Food Crop Production -- Copyright -- Preface -- Contents -- Executive Summary -- BACKGROUND -- CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS -- Adequacy of Existing Regulations for Pathogens in Reclaimed Water and Sludge -- Adequacy of Existing Regulations for Harmful Chemicals in Reclaimed Water and Treated Municipal Sludge -- Reclaimed Water -- Treated Municipal Sludge -- Soil, Crop, and Ground Water Effects -- Reclaimed Water -- Treated Municipal Sludge -- Economic, Legal, and Institutional Issues -- Economic Considerations -- Public Perception and Liability -- Other Regulations and Institutional Controls -- CONCLUDING REMARKS -- 1 Introduction -- REFERENCE -- 2 Municipal Wastewater, Sewage Sludge, and Agriculture -- HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES -- Wastewater -- Sewage Sludge -- IRRIGATION WITH RECLAIMED WATER -- Crop Irrigation -- Deemand for Irrigation Water -- Wastewater Reclamation Motivated by Disposal Priorities -- Value of Reclaimed Wastewater -- USE OF SEWAGE SLUDGE IN AGRICULTURE -- Potential Role of Sewage Sludge in Crop Production -- Ecological Linkages Between Urban and Agricultural Systems -- SUMMARY -- REFERENCES -- 3 Municipal Wastewater and Sludge Treatment -- QUANTITY AND QUALITY OF MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER EFFLUENT AND SLUDGE -- CONVENTIONAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PROCESSES -- Preliminary Wastewater Treatment -- Primary Wastewater Treatment -- Secondary Wastewater Treatment -- Tertiary or Advanced Wastewater Treatment -- TREATMENT TO FACILITATE CROP IRRIGATION WITH RECLAIMED WATER -- SLUDGE TREATMENT PROCESSES -- Volume Reduction Processes -- Thickening -- Dewatering -- Conditioning -- Drying -- Stabilization Processes -- Biological Stabilization -- Chemical Stabilization -- Inactivation of Pathogenic Organisms and Viruses -- Other Sludge Treatment Processes -- Solidification/Immobilization. ; Metal Stripping and Toxic Organic Destruction -- Combustion -- Ultimate Sludge Utilization or Disposal -- Integrated Sludge Management Schemes -- INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER PRETREATMENT -- Fate of Toxic Chemicals During Secondary Wastewater Treatment -- Heavy Metals -- Cyanide -- Toxic Organic Chemicals: Volatile and Semivolatile Organic Compounds, Pesticides and PCBs -- Pretreatment -- Pretreatment Goals -- Pretreatment Implementation -- SUMMARY -- REFERENCES -- 4 Soil, Crop, and Ground Water Effects -- SLUDGE AS A SOURCE OF PLANT NUTRIENTS -- Nitrogen -- Phosphorus -- Other Essential Plant Nutrients -- TREATED MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER AS A SOURCE OF PLANT NUTRIENTS AND IRRIGATION WATER -- Plant Nutrients -- Irrigation Water Quality Concerns -- EFFECTS OF SLUDGE AND WASTEWATER ON SOIL PHYSICAL PROPERTIES -- Organic Matter -- Water Retention Properties -- Structure and Aggregation -- Water Transmission Properties -- EFFECTS OF SLUDGE AND WASTEWATER ON SOIL CHEMICAL PROPERTIES -- Soluble Cations, Anions, and Molecules -- Trace Elements -- Accumulation of Potentially Harmful Inorganic Chemicals in Soils and Crops -- Accumulations of Potentially Harmful Organics in Soils and Crops -- EFFECTS OF SLUDGE ON SOIL MICROORGANISMS -- Microbial Biomass and Activity -- Biological Nitrogen Fixation -- EFFECTS ON GROUND WATER -- Pathogenic Microorganisms -- Heavy Metals -- Toxic Organic Compounds -- LANDSCAPE-LEVEL CONSIDERATIONS -- SUMMARY -- REFERENCES -- 5 Public Health Concerns About Infectious Disease Agents -- INFECTIOUS DISEASE TRANSMISSION -- INFECTIOUS DISEASE RISK -- MONITORING INFECTIOUS DISEASE POTENTIAL -- PUBLIC HEALTH EXPERIENCE WITH THE USE OF RECLAIMED WATER AND SLUDGE -- SUMMARY -- REFERENCES -- 6 Public Health Concerns About Chemical Constituents in Treated Wastewater and Sludge -- FATE OF AND EXPOSURE TO ORGANIC CHEMICALS. ; Behavior of Toxic Organics in the Soil -- Uptake of Toxic Organics by Plants -- Phthalate Esters -- Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs), -- Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs). -- Chlorinated Pesticides -- Disinfection Products -- Acid-Extractable Organic Compounds -- Chlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxins (CDDs) and Dibenzofurans (CDFs). -- Volatile Aromatic Compounds (VOC) -- Generalizations Regarding Uptake of Organics by Plants -- Uptake of Toxic Organics by Animals -- FATE OF AND EXPOSURE TO TRACE ELEMENTS IN SLUDGE -- Uptake of Trace Elements by Animals -- NONSPECIFIC HEALTH EFFECTS OF SLUDGE AND WASTEWATER -- SUMMARY -- REFERENCES -- 7 Regulations Governing Agricultural Use of Municipal Wastewater and Sludge -- REGULATORY BACKGROUND -- Agricultural Irrigation with Wastewater -- Agricultural Use of Sewage Sludge -- FEDERAL STANDARDS FOR THE CONTROL OF PATHOGENS IN SEWAGE SLUDGE -- APPROACHES TO TOXIC CHEMICAL REGULATION IN SLUDGE AND WASTEWATER LAND APPLICATION -- Preventing Toxic Chemical Pollutant Accumulation in Soils -- Allowing Pollutant Accumulation in the Soil -- DEVELOPMENT OF U.S. CHEMICAL POLLUTANT STANDARDS FOR AGRICULTURAL USE OF SEWAGE SLUDGE -- General Approach to Risk Assessment -- Hazard Identification -- Dose-Response Assessment -- Exposure Evaluation -- Risk Characterization -- EPA's Risk Assessment Approach -- Hazard Identification -- Exposure Assessment -- Risk Characterization -- EVALUATION OF FEDERAL STANDARDS FOR CHEMICAL POLLUTANTS IN SEWAGE SLUDGE -- Justification for Exempting Organic Pollutants From Regulation Should be Confirmed -- APLRs May Cause Maximum Permissible Loading Limits to be Exceeded -- Food Safety is not Likely to be Affected by the Regulations -- REGULATIONS AND GUIDANCE FOR AGRICULTURAL USE OF MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER -- Evolution of Regulations Governing Irrigation with Treated Municipal Wastewater. ; General Description of the State Regulations -- Adequacy of Current Regulations for Reclaimed Water -- SUMMARY -- Pathogen Regulations for Sludge -- Toxic Chemicals Regulations for Sludge -- Regulations for Effluent Irrigation -- REFERENCES -- 8 Economic, Legal, and Institutional Issues -- ECONOMIC INCENTIVES FOR LAND APPLICATION OF TREATED MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER AND SLUDGE -- POTW Economic Perspectives -- Farm Economics of Treated Wastewater and Sludge Use -- Food Processor Perspectives -- MANAGING RESIDUAL RISKS -- Residual Risks -- Public Concerns to be Addressed -- Risk Management: Private Sector -- Common Law Liability -- Market Forces -- Voluntary Self-Regulation -- OTHER, RELATED GOVERNMENT REGULATIONS -- Toxic Waste Segregation, Waste Collection, and Treatment -- Treated Effluent and Sludge Discharge Management Options -- Surface and Ground Water Protection -- Public Health Protection for Harvested Crops -- Analysis for Regulatory Gaps and Overlap -- SUMMARY -- REFERENCES -- Appendix -- COMMITTEE MEMBER BIOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION.
• Titolo autorizzato: Use of reclaimed water and sludge in food crop production
• ISBN: 0-309-17562-3; 1-280-19227-5; 9786610192274; 0-309-56811-0; 0-585-03086-3
• Formato: Materiale a stampa
• Livello bibliografico: Monografia
• Lingua di pubblicazione: Inglese
• Record Nr.: 9910825906203321
• Lo trovi qui: Univ. Federico II