General theory of light propagation and imaging through the atmosphere / / T. Stewart McKechnie

• Autore: McKechnie T. Stewart
• Pubblicazione: Cham, Switzerland : , : Springer, , [2022]; ©2022
• Edizione: 2nd ed.
• Descrizione fisica: 1 online resource (694 pages)
• Disciplina: 700.94409034
• Soggetto topico: Light - Scattering; Meteorological optics
• Nota di bibliografia: Includes bibliographical references and index.
• Nota di contenuto: Intro -- Preface -- References -- Contents -- In Memoriam -- About the Author -- 1 History of the Telescope and Its Remarkable Contribution to Scientific Discovery (and the 400-Year Journey from Galileo to a Rigorous General Theory of Imaging Through Earth's Turbulent Atmosphere) -- 1.1 Telescope Imaging Through Earth's Turbulent Atmosphere -- 1.2 Kolmogorov Theory (Mid-1960s) -- 1.3 Origins of the New General Theory -- 1.4 Publication of the New General Theory (1989/90) -- 1.5 Definitive Confirmation of Cores in Star Images -- 1.5.1 The UKIRT 3.8-m Instrument and Star Image Cores -- 1.6 Horace Babcock and Adaptive Optics -- 1.7 Pivotal Equation Yielded by the New General Theory -- 1.8 Future Direction of Ground-Based Observational Astronomy -- 1.9 Final Destination! -- References -- 2 Introduction -- 2.1 Principal Cause of Differences Between Kolmogorov Theory and the New General Theory -- 2.1.1 Visible and IR Star Images for Large Turbulence Structure -- 2.1.2 Visible and IR Star Images for Small Turbulence Structure -- 2.2 Significant Features of the New General Theory -- 2.3 Book Content Preview -- 2.4 Kolmogorov Theory -- 2.4.1 Kolmogorov Theory and Its Damage Legacy -- 2.5 The New General Theory -- References -- 3 Terms, Definitions, and Theoretical Foundations -- 3.1 Air Refractive Index -- 3.1.1 Air Temperature and Altitude -- 3.1.2 Air Pressure and Altitude -- 3.1.3 Integrated Optical Path Difference Over the Entire Atmospheric Depth -- 3.1.4 Effect of Humidity -- 3.1.5 Effect of Dispersion -- 3.1.6 Random Variables Associated with Atmospheric Turbulence -- 3.1.7 Astronomical Refraction -- 3.1.8 Atmospheric Extinction -- 3.2 Point-Objects -- 3.3 The Electromagnetic Spectrum -- 3.4 Quasi-Monochromatic Light -- 3.5 Amplitude and Phase of Light Waves Disrupted by Turbulence -- 3.6 The Atmosphere Considered as a Stochastic Process. ; 3.6.1 Spatial and Temporal Stationarity and the Ensemble Average -- 3.6.2 Standard Error and Standard Deviation -- 3.6.3 Autocovariance and Autocorrelation Functions, the Variance, and Rms -- 3.6.4 The Atmospheric Refractive Index Field -- 3.7 Scalar Diffraction Theory -- 3.7.1 Scalar Diffraction Theory Applied to Atmospheric Propagation -- 3.7.2 Scalar Diffraction Theory Applied to Telescope Imaging -- 3.7.3 Monochromatic Light Fields -- 3.7.4 Analytic Signal -- 3.7.5 Complex Amplitude -- 3.7.6 Intensity -- 3.7.7 Irradiance -- 3.7.8 Polychromatic Light Fields -- 3.8 Coherence Terminology -- 3.9 Free-Space Propagation -- 3.9.1 Maxwell's Electromagnetic Wave Equations -- 3.9.2 Helmholtz Equation -- 3.9.3 Solutions for Infinitely Extensive Plane Waves -- 3.10 Mathematical Notations and Quantity Dimensions -- References -- 4 Diffraction -- 4.1 Diffraction by an Aperture -- 4.1.1 Fresnel Number -- 4.1.2 Fresnel-Kirchoff Diffraction Formula -- 4.1.3 Fresnel Near-Field Diffraction -- 4.1.4 Stationary Phase -- 4.1.5 Fraunhofer Far-Field Diffraction -- 4.2 Optical System Terminology -- 4.2.1 Telescopes, Telescope Objectives, and Eyepieces -- 4.2.2 Aperture Stops, Pupils, Conjugate Distances, Focal Lengths, and F/Numbers -- 4.2.3 Light Rays and Ray Terminology -- 4.2.4 Objects at Finite Distances -- 4.2.5 Objects at Infinite Distances -- 4.2.6 Pupil Functions -- 4.3 The Amplitude Point Spread Function -- 4.3.1 For Diffraction-Limited Telescopes with Circular Apertures -- 4.4 The Intensity Point Spread Function -- 4.4.1 The Airy Pattern -- 4.5 Strehl Intensity -- 4.5.1 Expressed in Terms of Rms Wavefront Error -- 4.5.2 For Circularly Symmetric Images -- 4.6 Rayleigh Resolution Criterion -- 4.7 Images of Extended Objects -- 4.7.1 Superposition Property -- 4.7.2 Nonlinear Optical Phenomena -- 4.7.3 Isoplanaticity -- 4.7.4 Convolution Integrals. ; 4.7.5 Images of Coherently Illuminated Extended Objects -- 4.7.6 Images of Incoherently Illuminated Extended Objects -- 4.7.7 Images of Partially Coherently Illuminated Extended Objects -- 4.8 Images of Two-Point Objects -- 4.8.1 Incoherently Illuminated Two-Point Objects -- 4.8.2 Coherently Illuminated Two-Point Objects -- 4.9 Stellar Speckle Patterns -- 4.10 Effect of Central Obstruction on Telescope Point Spread Functions -- 4.11 Mathematical Notation Used in This Chapter -- References -- 5 Wave Propagation After Scattering by a Thin Atmospheric Layer -- 5.1 Characterizing Atmospheric Paths and Telescopes by MTFs and OTFs -- 5.2 The Atmospheric Refractive Index -- 5.3 Wave Propagation in the Geometrical Optics Region -- 5.3.1 Optical Path Difference -- 5.3.2 Phase Angle of the Exiting Wave -- 5.3.3 Complex Amplitude of the Exiting Wave -- 5.3.4 The Two-Point Two-Wavelength Correlation Function for Exiting Waves -- 5.3.5 Complex Coherence Factor for Exiting Waves -- 5.3.6 Illustrative Plots of the Complex Coherence Factor -- 5.3.7 Illustrative Plots of the Two-Point Two-Wavelength Correlation Function -- 5.4 Near-Field Propagation of the Complex Amplitude -- 5.5 Near-Field Propagation of the Two-Point Two-Wavelength Correlation Function -- 5.5.1 Cases Where the Function Conserves -- 5.5.2 General Case of Non-Conservation of the Function -- 5.6 Near-Field Propagation of the Complex Coherence Factor -- 5.7 Development of Scintillation After Light Scattering by a Thin Layer -- 5.7.1 Dependence of Scintillation on Turbulence Scale Sizes in the Layer -- 5.7.2 Dependence of Scintillation on the Various Controlling Parameters -- 5.7.3 Effective Fresnel Numbers for Atmospheric Paths -- 5.8 Mathematical Notation Used in This Chapter -- References -- 6 Wave Propagation Over Extended Atmospheric Paths. ; 6.1 Atmospheric MTF Expressions Developed by Hufnagel and Stanley -- 6.1.1 Hufnagel and Stanley's General Expression for the Atmospheric MTF -- 6.1.2 Hufnagel and Stanley's Kolmogorov-Based Expression for the Atmospheric MTF -- 6.2 Layered Model Representations of Extended Atmospheric Paths -- 6.2.1 Two Equivalent Random Phase Screen Atmospheric Path Models -- 6.2.2 Properties of the Phase Screens in the Uncorrelated Random Phase Screen Path Model -- 6.2.3 Effect of Individual Random Phase Screens on Transmitted Light Waves -- 6.3 General Expression for the Two-Point Two-Wavelength Correlation Function -- 6.3.1 Case of Isotropic Turbulence -- 6.3.2 The Functional Form When ρ( ξ, ) is Gaussian -- 6.4 General Expression for the Atmospheric MTF -- 6.4.1 Case of Isotropic Turbulence -- 6.4.2 Functional Forms When ρ( ξ, ) is Gaussian -- 6.4.3 Comparison of the General Expression to that of Hufnagel and Stanley -- 6.5 Equivalent Phase Screen Representation of an Atmospheric Path -- 6.5.1 Relationship Between ρ(ξ, η) and the Refractive Index Structure Function, DN -- 6.5.2 Location of the Equivalent Phase Screen in the Atmospheric Path -- 6.5.3 Complex Amplitude Properties Arising from an Equivalent Phase Screen -- 6.5.4 Properties of the OPD Fluctuation Created by an Equivalent Phase Screen -- 6.6 General Expressions for M and S that Include Dispersion -- 6.7 Mathematical Notation Used in This Chapter -- References -- 7 Properties of Point-Object Images Formed by Telescopes -- 7.1 Long- and Short-Exposure Images of Point-Objects -- 7.2 Telescope Coordinate Systems -- 7.3 The Complex Amplitude in an Instantaneous Point-Object Image -- 7.4 Telescope OTFs and MTFs -- 7.4.1 Telescope OTF and MTF for Incoherent Illumination -- 7.4.2 Amplitude Transfer Function of a Telescope for Coherent Illumination. ; 7.5 Two-Point Two-Wavelength Correlation Function of the Complex Amplitudes in the Image -- 7.5.1 Characterizing the Influence of the Telescope Optics -- 7.5.2 Unit-Normalized Form of the Function -- 7.5.3 The Function at a Single Point in the Image -- 7.5.4 The Spectral Correlation Function at the Center of a Point-Object Image -- 7.6 Complex Coherence Factor of the Complex Amplitude in the Image -- 7.7 Average Intensity Envelopes for Point-Object Images -- 7.8 Statistics of the Complex Amplitude in Point-Object Images Formed by Large Telescopes -- 7.8.1 Reed's Theorem for Gaussian-Distributed Complex Random Variables -- 7.8.2 Unit-Normalized Two-Point Two-Wavelength Correlation Function of the Image Intensities -- 7.8.3 Two-Wavelength Correlation Function of the Intensity at a Single Point in the Image -- 7.8.4 Two-Wavelength Correlation Function of the Complex Amplitude at a Single Point in the Image -- 7.9 OTF for an Entire End-To-End Imaging Path -- 7.9.1 OTF for an Entire End-To-End Imaging Path for Space Telescopes -- 7.9.2 OTF and Intensity PSF for a Diffraction-Limited Telescope with Circular Aperture -- 7.10 Mathematical Notation Used in This Chapter -- References -- 8 Atmospheric Path Characterization -- 8.1 Obtaining the Atmospheric MTF from Point-Object Images -- 8.1.1 For Large Diffraction-Limited Telescopes -- 8.1.2 Long- and Short-Exposure Atmospheric MTFs -- 8.1.3 Effective End-to-End OTF for a Telescope Equipped with Adaptive Optics -- 8.1.4 Atmospheric MTF Plots and Corresponding Intensity Envelopes -- 8.2 Measurement of the rms OPD Fluctuation -- 8.2.1 Measurement for the Case σ/λge0.4 Using Two Narrowband Filters -- 8.2.2 Measurement for the Case σ/λ ≥ 0.4 Using a Broadband Filter -- 8.2.3 Actual Field Measurements of σ -- 8.2.4 Telescope Aberrations Do not Affect the Measured σ Values -- 8.2.5 Convergence of σ as λ2to λ1. ; 8.2.6 Measurement of σ for the Case σ/λ<.
• Titolo autorizzato: General Theory of Light Propagation and Imaging Through the Atmosphere
• ISBN: 9783030988289; 9783030988272
• Formato: Materiale a stampa
• Livello bibliografico: Monografia
• Lingua di pubblicazione: Inglese
• Record Nr.: 996495164203316
• Lo trovi qui: Univ. di Salerno
• Serie: Progress in Optical Science and Photonics