Nuclear and radiochemistry : fundamentals and applications / / Jens -Volker Kratz

• Autore: Kratz Jens-Volker
• Pubblicazione: Weinheim, Germany : , : Wiley-VCH, , [2022]; ©2022
• Edizione: Fourth edition.
• Descrizione fisica: 1 online resource (973 pages)
• Disciplina: 541.38
• Soggetto topico: Nuclear chemistry; Radiochemistry; nuclear chemistry; nuclear energy; radioactivity; radioactive materials; organic pollution; nuclear safety; nuclear fuel; environmental impact
• Nota di bibliografia: Includes bibliographical references and index.
• Nota di contenuto: Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright -- Contents -- Preface -- Chapter 1 Fundamental Concepts -- 1.1 The Atom -- 1.2 Atomic Processes -- 1.3 Discovery of the Atomic Nucleus -- 1.4 Nuclear Decay Types -- 1.5 Some Physical Concepts Needed in Nuclear Chemistry -- 1.5.1 Fundamental Forces -- 1.5.2 Elements from Classical Mechanics -- 1.5.3 Relativistic Mechanics -- 1.5.4 The de Broglie Wavelength -- 1.5.5 Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle -- 1.5.6 The Standard Model of Particle Physics -- 1.5.7 Force Carriers -- Reference -- Further Reading -- Chapter 2 Radioactivity in Nature -- 2.1 Discovery of Radioactivity -- 2.2 Radioactive Substances in Nature -- 2.3 Nuclear Forensics -- References -- Further Reading -- Chapter 3 Radioelements and Radioisotopes and Their Atomic Masses -- 3.1 Periodic Table of the Elements -- 3.2 Isotopes and the Chart of Nuclides -- 3.3 Nuclide Masses and Binding Energies -- 3.4 Evidence for Shell Structure in Nuclei -- 3.5 Precision Mass Spectrometry -- References -- Further Reading -- Chapter 4 Other Physical Properties of Nuclei -- 4.1 Nuclear Radii -- 4.2 Nuclear Angular Momenta -- 4.3 Magnetic Dipole Moments -- 4.4 Electric Quadrupole Moments -- 4.5 Statistics and Parity -- 4.6 Excited States -- References -- Further Reading -- Chapter 5 The Nuclear Force and Nuclear Structure -- 5.1 Nuclear Forces -- 5.2 Charge Independence and Isospin -- 5.3 Nuclear Matter -- 5.4 Fermi Gas Model -- 5.5 Shell Model -- 5.6 Collective Motion in Nuclei -- 5.7 Nilsson Model -- 5.8 The Pairing Force and Quasi‐Particles -- 5.9 Macroscopic-Microscopic Model -- 5.10 Interacting Boson Approximation -- 5.11 Further Collective Excitations: Coulomb Excitation, High‐Spin States, Giant Resonances -- References -- Further Reading -- Chapter 6 Decay Modes -- 6.1 Nuclear Instability and Nuclear Spectroscopy -- 6.2 Alpha Decay -- 6.2.1 Hindrance Factors. ; 6.2.2 Alpha‐Decay Energies -- 6.3 Cluster Radioactivity -- 6.4 Proton Radioactivity -- 6.5 Spontaneous Fission -- 6.6 Beta Decay -- 6.6.1 Fundamental Processes -- 6.6.2 Electron Capture‐to‐Positron Ratios -- 6.6.3 Nuclear Matrix Elements -- 6.6.4 Parity Non‐Conservation -- 6.6.5 Massive Vector Bosons -- 6.6.6 Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa Matrix -- 6.7 Electromagnetic Transitions -- 6.7.1 Multipole Order and Selection Rules -- 6.7.2 Transition Probabilities -- 6.7.3 Internal Conversion Coefficients -- 6.7.4 Angular Correlations -- References -- Further Reading -- Chapter 7 Radioactive Decay Kinetics -- 7.1 Law and Energy of Radioactive Decay -- 7.2 Radioactive Equilibria -- 7.3 Secular Radioactive Equilibrium -- 7.4 Transient Radioactive Equilibrium -- 7.5 Half‐Life of Mother Nuclide Shorter than Half‐Life of Daughter Nuclide -- 7.6 Similar Half‐Lives -- 7.7 Branching Decay -- 7.8 Successive Transformations -- Reference -- Further Reading -- Chapter 8 Nuclear Radiation -- 8.1 General Properties -- 8.2 Heavy Charged Particles (A≥1) -- 8.3 Beta Radiation -- 8.4 Gamma Radiation -- 8.5 Neutrons -- 8.6 Short‐Lived Elementary Particles in Atoms and Molecules -- References -- Further Reading -- Chapter 9 Measurement of Nuclear Radiation -- 9.1 Activity and Counting Rate -- 9.2 Gas‐Filled Detectors -- 9.2.1 Ionization Chambers -- 9.2.2 Proportional Counters -- 9.2.3 Geiger-Müller Counters -- 9.3 Scintillation Detectors -- 9.4 Semiconductor Detectors -- 9.5 Choice of Detectors -- 9.6 Spectrometry -- 9.7 Determination of Absolute Disintegration Rates -- 9.8 Use of Coincidence and Anticoincidence Circuits -- 9.9 Low‐Level Counting -- 9.10 Neutron Detection and Measurement -- 9.11 Track Detectors -- 9.11.1 Photographic Emulsions and Autoradiography -- 9.11.2 Dielectric Track Detectors -- 9.11.3 Cloud Chambers -- 9.11.4 Bubble Chambers -- 9.11.5 Spark Chambers. ; 9.12 Detectors Used in Health Physics -- 9.12.1 Portable Counters and Survey Meters -- 9.12.2 Film Badges -- 9.12.3 Pocket Ion Chambers -- 9.12.4 Thermoluminescence Dosimeters -- 9.12.5 Contamination Monitors -- 9.12.6 Whole‐Body Counters -- Reference -- Further Reading -- Chapter 10 Statistical Considerations in Radioactivity Measurements -- 10.1 Distribution of Random Variables -- 10.2 Probability and Probability Distributions -- 10.3 Maximum Likelihood -- 10.4 Experimental Applications -- 10.5 Statistics of Pulse‐Height Distributions -- 10.6 Statistical Assessments of Lifetimes in Decay Chains of Odd‐Z Heavy Elements -- 10.7 Setting Upper Limits when no Counts Are Observed -- References -- Further Reading -- Chapter 11 Techniques in Nuclear Chemistry -- 11.1 Special Aspects of the Chemistry of Radionuclides -- 11.1.1 Short‐Lived Radionuclides and the Role of Carriers -- 11.1.2 Radionuclides of High Specific Activity -- 11.1.3 Microamounts of Radioactive Substances -- 11.1.4 Radiocolloids -- 11.1.5 Tracer Techniques -- 11.2 Target Preparation -- 11.3 Measuring Beam Intensity and Fluxes -- 11.4 Neutron Spectrum in Nuclear Reactors -- 11.4.1 Thermal Neutrons -- 11.4.2 Epithermal Neutrons and Resonances -- 11.4.3 Reaction Rates in Thermal Reactors -- 11.5 Production of Radionuclides -- 11.5.1 Production in Nuclear Reactors -- 11.5.2 Production by Accelerators -- 11.5.3 Separation Techniques -- 11.5.4 Radionuclide Generators -- 11.6 Use of Recoil Momenta -- 11.7 Preparation of Samples for Activity Measurements -- 11.8 Determination of Half‐Lives -- 11.9 Decay‐Scheme Studies -- 11.10 In‐Beam Nuclear Reaction Studies -- References -- Further Reading -- Chapter 12 Nuclear Reactions -- 12.1 Collision Kinematics -- 12.2 Coulomb Trajectories -- 12.3 Cross Sections -- 12.4 Elastic Scattering -- 12.5 Elastic Scattering and Reaction Cross Section. ; 12.6 Optical Model -- 12.7 Nuclear Reactions and Models -- 12.7.1 Investigation of Nuclear Reactions -- 12.7.2 Compound Nucleus Model -- 12.7.3 Precompound Decay -- 12.7.4 Direct Reactions -- 12.7.5 Photonuclear Reactions -- 12.7.6 Fission -- 12.7.7 High‐Energy Reactions -- 12.8 Nuclear Reactions Revisited with Heavy Ions -- 12.8.1 Heavy‐Ion Fusion Reactions -- 12.8.2 Quasi‐Fission -- 12.8.3 Deep Inelastic Collisions -- 12.8.3.1 The 238U + 238U Reaction -- 12.8.3.2 Isotope Distributions at Fixed Z Below Z & -- equals -- 92 -- 12.8.3.3 Bombarding‐Energy Dependence of the Deep‐Inelastic Collisions -- 12.8.3.4 Isotope Distributions at Fixed Z Above Z & -- equals -- 92 -- 12.8.3.5 The 238U + 248Cm Reaction -- 12.8.3.6 Comparison of the Element Yields with Diffusion‐Model Predictions -- 12.8.4 "Simple" (Quasi‐elastic) Reactions at the Barrier -- 12.8.5 "Complex" Transfer Reactions -- 12.8.6 Relativistic Heavy‐Ion Collisions, the Phases of Nuclear Matter -- References -- Further Reading -- Chapter 13 Chemical Effects of Nuclear Transmutations -- 13.1 General Aspects -- 13.2 Recoil Effects -- 13.3 Excitation Effects -- 13.4 Gases and Liquids -- 13.5 Solids -- 13.6 Szilard-Chalmers Reactions -- 13.7 Recoil Labeling and Self‐labeling -- References -- Further Reading -- Chapter 14 Influence of Chemical Bonding on Nuclear Properties -- 14.1 Survey -- 14.2 Dependence of Half‐Lives on Chemical Bonding -- 14.3 Dependence of Radiation Emission on the Chemical Environment -- 14.4 Mössbauer Spectrometry -- References -- Further Reading -- Chapter 15 Nuclear Energy, Nuclear Reactors, Nuclear Fuel, and Fuel Cycles -- 15.1 Energy Production by Nuclear Fission -- 15.2 Nuclear Fuel and Fuel Cycles -- 15.3 Production of Uranium and Uranium Compounds -- 15.4 Fuel Elements -- 15.5 Nuclear Reactors, Moderators, and Coolants -- 15.6 The Chernobyl and Fukushima Accidents. ; 15.7 Reprocessing -- 15.8 Radioactive Waste -- 15.9 The Natural Reactors at Oklo -- 15.10 Controlled Thermonuclear Reactors -- 15.11 Nuclear Explosives -- References -- Further Reading -- Chapter 16 Sources of Nuclear Bombarding Particles -- 16.1 Neutron Sources -- 16.2 Neutron Generators -- 16.3 Research Reactors -- 16.4 Charged‐Particle Accelerators -- 16.4.1 Direct Voltage Accelerators -- 16.4.2 Linear Accelerators -- 16.4.3 Cyclotrons -- 16.4.4 Synchrocyclotrons, Synchrotrons -- 16.4.5 Radioactive Ion Beams -- 16.4.5.1 FAIR - The Universe in the Lab -- 16.4.5.2 Research at FAIR -- 16.4.5.2 The Particle Accelerator Facility of FAIR and GSI -- 16.4.5.3 Construction of FAIR -- 16.4.5.4 International Partners -- 16.4.5.5 High Tech for FAIR -- 16.4.6 Photon Sources -- References -- Further Reading -- Chapter 17 Radioelements -- 17.1 Natural and Artificial Radioelements -- 17.2 Technetium and Promethium -- 17.3 Production of Transuranic Elements -- 17.3.1 Hot‐Fusion Reactions -- 17.3.2 Cold‐Fusion Reactions -- 17.3.3 48Ca‐Induced Fusion Reactions -- 17.3.4 Other Disciplines -- 17.4 Cross Sections -- 17.5 Nuclear Structure of Superheavy Elements -- 17.6 Spectroscopy of Actinides and Transactinides -- 17.7 Properties of the Actinides -- 17.8 Chemical Properties of the Transactinides -- 17.8.1 Prediction of Electron Configurations and the Architecture of the Periodic Table of the Elements -- 17.8.2 Methods to Investigate the Chemistry of the Transactinides -- 17.8.3 Selected Experimental Results -- References -- Further Reading -- Chapter 18 Radionuclides in Geo‐ and Cosmochemistry -- 18.1 Natural Abundances of the Elements and Isotope Variations -- 18.2 General Aspects of Cosmochemistry -- 18.3 Early Stages of the Universe -- 18.4 Synthesis of the Elements in the Stars -- 18.4.1 Evolution of Stars -- 18.4.2 Evolution of the Earth. ; 18.4.3 Thermonuclear Reaction Rates.
• Sommario/riassunto: "In the newly revised Fourth Edition of Nuclear and Radiochemistry: Fundamentals and Applications, distinguished chemist Jens-Volker Kratz delivers a two-volume handbook that has become the gold standard in teaching and learning nuclear and radiochemistry. The books cover the theory and fundamentals of the subject before moving on the technical side of nuclear chemistry, with coverage of nuclear energy, nuclear reactors, and radionuclides in the life sciences. This latest edition discusses the details and impact of the Chernobyl and Fukushima nuclear disasters, as well as new research facilities, including FAIR and HIM. It also incorporates new methods for target preparation and new processes for nuclear fuel recycling, like EURO-GANEX. Finally, the volumes extensively cover environmental technological advances and the effects of radioactivity on the environment. " -- Publisher
• Titolo autorizzato: Nuclear and radiochemistry
• ISBN: 3-527-83194-0; 3-527-83193-2
• Formato: Materiale a stampa
• Livello bibliografico: Monografia
• Lingua di pubblicazione: Inglese
• Record Nr.: 9910686488503321
• Lo trovi qui: Univ. Federico II