Encyclopedia of Solid Earth Geophysics [[electronic resource] /] / edited by Harsh K. Gupta

• Pubblicazione: Cham : , : Springer International Publishing : , : Imprint : Springer, , 2021
• Edizione: 2nd ed. 2021.
• Descrizione fisica: 1 online resource (1976 pages)
• Disciplina: 550
• Soggetto topico: Earth sciences; Physical geography; Natural disasters; Geographic information systems; Earth Sciences; Earth System Sciences; Natural Hazards; Geographical Information System
• Soggetto non controllato: Geology; Science
• Persona (resp. second.): AroraKusumita; GuptaHarsh K.; CazenaveAnny; EngdahlEric Robert; KindRainer; ManglikAjay; RoySukanta; SainKalachand; UyedaSeiya
• Nota di contenuto: Intro -- Contents -- About the Editor -- Contributors -- Preface to the Second Edition -- Preface to the First Edition -- Acknowledgments -- A -- Absolute Age Determinations: Radiometric -- Definition -- Introduction -- Radioactivity and the Systematics of Its Use as a Chronometer -- The Application of Radiometric Dating -- Summary and Conclusions -- Cross-References -- Bibliography -- Anthropogenic Seismicity Related to Exploitation of Georesources -- Definition -- Overview -- Mechanisms of Interaction Between Technological Activity and the Rock Mass -- Induced, Triggered, or Natural -- Specific Features -- Collaborative Undertakings for Research into Anthropogenic Seismicity -- Summary -- Bibliography -- Archaeomagnetism -- Synonyms -- Definition -- Basic Features -- Archaeological Site Sampling -- Directional Analyses -- Paleo-intensity Analyses -- Magnetic Dating Based on the Direction of Remanence -- Relative Dating -- Chronological Dating -- Magnetic Polarity and Polarity Excursion Dating -- Magnetic Dating Based on the Intensity of Remanence -- Errors -- General Errors -- Errors Specific to Directional Dating -- Errors Specific to Intensity Dating -- Overall Error Assessment -- Specialized Applications -- Murals and Plaster -- Object Reconstruction -- Archaeological Sediments -- Magnetic ``Sourcing´´ -- Summary -- Cross-References -- Bibliography -- Artificial Water Reservoir-Triggered Earthquakes, with Special Emphasis on Koyna, India -- Definition and Introduction -- Triggered vis-à-vis Induced Earthquakes -- Artificial Water Reservoir-Triggered Earthquakes -- Reservoir-Triggered Seismicity (RTS): Global Distribution -- Important Factors for RTS -- Common Characteristics of RTS Sequences -- Mechanism of Triggered Earthquakes -- Koyna, India -- How Long Triggered Earthquakes Will Continue at Koyna?. ; Short-Term Earthquake Forecast at Koyna -- Near-Source Studies at Koyna -- Pilot Borehole Location -- Summary -- Cross-References -- Bibliography -- B -- Biogeophysics -- Definition -- Introduction -- Geophysical Detection of Cells and Biofilms -- Geophysical Detection of Metabolic By-Products and Mineral Weathering -- Geophysical Detection of Microbially Mediated Redox Processes -- Geophysical Detection of Microbe-Mineral Transformations -- Summary -- Cross-References -- Bibliography -- Body Waves -- Synonyms -- Definition -- Types of Body Waves -- Wave Propagation -- Waves on a Seismogram -- Refraction -- Reflection -- Velocity -- Velocity of P- and S-waves -- P-waves -- S-waves -- Attenuation -- Summary: Results of Regional and Global Studies -- Body-Wave Modeling -- Cross-References -- Bibliography -- Borehole Seismic Networks and Arrays -- Synonyms -- Definition -- Introduction -- Early Developments -- Current Instrumentation and Installation -- Noise-Suppression and Signal-Detection Advantages -- Networks Versus Arrays -- Illustrative Examples -- Conclusions -- Cross-References -- Bibliography -- C -- Characteristic Earthquakes and Seismic Gaps -- Definition -- Introduction -- History -- Assumptions -- Small Characteristic Earthquakes -- Modified Seismic Gap Hypothesis -- Challenges to the Seismic Gap Model -- Conclusions -- Cross-References -- Bibliography -- Continental Crustal Structure -- Definition -- Introduction -- Methods -- Cratons -- Orogens -- Extensional Areas -- Constraints on Crustal Petrology -- Summary -- Cross-References -- Acknowledgments -- Bibliography -- Continental Drift -- Definition -- Introduction -- Alfred Wegener -- Conclusions -- Cross-References -- Bibliography -- Continental Rifts -- Synonyms -- Definition -- Introduction -- Rift, Graben, and Taphrogen -- General Properties of Rifts -- Structure of Rifts. ; Sedimentation in Rifts -- Magmatism in Rifts -- Metamorphism in Rifts -- Kinds of Rifts -- Geometric Classification of Rifts (See Figs. 7 and 8) -- Kinematic Classification of Rifts (See Fig. 8) -- Dynamic (Genetic) Classification of Rifts (See Fig. 6) -- Concluding Note -- Bibliography -- Core Dynamo -- Synonyms -- Definition -- Introduction -- Dynamo Model Concept and Equations -- Model Setup -- Dynamo Equations -- Parameters -- Energetics of the Geodynamo -- Flow Pattern and Dynamo Mechanism -- Flow Outside Tangent Cylinder -- Flow Inside Tangent Cylinder -- Field Properties -- Field Strength Inside the Core -- Scaling Laws -- Magnetic Field Geometry -- Secular Variation -- Time Scales -- Advection vs. Diffusion of Field -- Magnetic Field Reversals -- Summary -- Cross-References -- Bibliography -- Core-Mantle Coupling -- Definition, Scope, and Aims -- The Four Coupling Processes -- The Viscous Torque -- The Topographic Torque -- The Gravitational Torque -- The Magnetic Torque -- Synthesis -- Cross-References -- Acknowledgments -- Bibliography -- Crustal Reflectivity (Oceanic) and Magma Chamber -- Synonyms -- Definition -- Introduction -- Methods -- Crustal Structure at Fast Spreading Centers -- Plot Triplication -- Axial Magma Chamber (Melt Lens) -- Lower Crust -- Oceanic Moho -- Crustal Thickness -- Upper Mantle -- Faults in the Oceanic Crust and Upper Mantle -- Summary -- Cross-References -- Bibliography -- Curie Temperature -- Synonyms -- Definition -- Magnetic Minerals and Curie Temperature -- Geomagnetic Implications -- Cross-References -- Bibliography -- D -- Deep Scientific Drilling -- Definition -- Introduction -- Goals of Scientific Drilling -- Drilling, Sampling, and Monitoring Techniques -- Dynamics of Continental Crust -- Volcanic Systems -- Mid-ocean Ridge Magmatism -- Active Volcano Drilling and Subduction-Induced Volcanism. ; Mantle Plume Volcanism -- Impact Craters -- Active Fault Zones -- Nojima Fault Projects, Japan -- SAFOD, California -- Taiwan Chelungpu Drilling Project, Taiwan -- Wenchuan Earthquake Fault Scientific Drilling Project (WFSD), Sichuan, China -- Geophysical Observatory in the Eastern Sea of Marmara, GONAF -- Deep Scientific Drilling to Study Reservoir-Triggered Earthquakes in Koyna, India -- Subduction Zone Fault Drilling at Sea -- Japan Trench Fast Drilling Project (JFAST) -- Unconventional Resources: Geoenergy -- The Iceland Deep Drilling Project, IDDP -- Summary -- Cross-References -- Bibliography -- Deep Seismic Reflection and Refraction Profiling -- Synonyms -- Definition -- Deep Seismic Reflection and Refraction Profiling -- Notational Notes -- Introduction -- Basic Principles -- Data Acquisition -- Field Layouts -- Special Processing and Interpretation Tools -- Main Results -- Some Recent Developments -- Research Problems -- Summary -- Cross-References -- Bibliography -- Differential Rotation of the Earth´s Inner Core -- Definition -- Background -- Seismological Observations -- Concluding Remarks -- Cross-References -- Bibliography -- E -- Earth Rotation -- Definition -- Introduction -- Mathematical Formulation of Earth Rotation -- Definition and Observation of Earth Orientation Parameters -- IERS International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service -- Summary -- Cross-References -- Bibliography -- Earth Tides -- Definition -- The Tidal Force -- The Earth´s Response -- Summary -- Cross-References -- Bibliography -- Earth, Density Distribution -- Definition -- The Mean Density -- The Moment of Inertia Constraint -- Self-Compression -- Free Oscillation Data -- A Density Gradient Anomaly -- Extrapolation to Zero Pressure and Inferences About Composition -- Lateral Density Variations -- Summary -- Cross-References -- Bibliography. ; Earth´s Structure, Core -- Definition -- Overall Structure -- Radial and Lateral Variations -- Irregular Surface -- Mushy Zone at the Top -- Temporal Changes -- Possible Physical Mechanisms -- Cross-References -- Bibliography -- Earth´s Structure, Global -- Definition -- Introduction -- 1D Structure of the Earth -- Characterizing the Interior of the Earth with Earthquake Waves -- From 1D Models to 3D Tomographic Models -- Mantle Convection Jigsaw -- Seismic 3D Tomography: The Earth Scanner -- An Anisotropic and Anelastic Earth -- Outlook: New Challenges -- Cross-References -- Bibliography -- Further Reading -- Earth´s Structure, Lower Mantle -- Synonyms -- Definition -- Introduction -- Tools for Studying the Lower Mantle -- Three-Dimensional Structure and Dynamics -- Future Progress -- Summary -- Cross-References -- Bibliography -- Earth´s Structure, Upper Mantle -- Definition -- Tomographic Techniques -- Global Models -- Regional Models -- Outlook -- Cross-References -- Bibliography -- Earthquake Lights -- Synonyms -- Definition -- Classification of Earthquake Lights -- Examples of EQL -- Example of Type 3 EQL -- Source of EQL and Associated Electromagnetic (EM) Phenomena -- Conclusion -- Cross-References -- Bibliography -- Earthquake Precursors and Prediction -- Definitions and Introduction -- History -- Nonmechanical Short-Term Precursors -- Difficulties Inherent to Short-Term Precursors -- Macro-anomalies -- Geochemical/Hydrological Precursors -- Satellite IR Images as Possible Surface Temperature -- Electric, Magnetic, and EM Precursors -- Telluric Current Precursors: The VAN Method -- Ultralow Frequency (ULF) Precursors -- Higher-Frequency EM Emission -- Lithosphere-Atmosphere-Ionosphere Coupling -- Possible Mechanism of Pre-seismic EM Emissions -- Critical Phenomena -- Summary and Future Outlook -- Cross-References -- Bibliography. ; Earthquake Prediction, M8 Algorithm.
• Sommario/riassunto: In the 21st century, the importance of earth sciences in the pursuit of knowledge and understanding of the planet on which we live, has increased tremendously. Above all, they address the challenge of enriching human lives with the bounties of nature, while preserving the planet for future generations. The chief goals of Solid Earth Geophysics are to define and quantify the internal structure and processes of the Earth in terms of physical principles, and to provide an essential framework that allied disciplines can employ for more focused investigations. The earliest version of The Encyclopedia of Solid Earth Geophysics was released by the Van Nostrand Reinhold publishing company in 1989. More than two decades later, a completely revised and updated version, edited by Prof. Harsh K. Gupta, was published in 2011. Including over 200 articles authored by specialists from all over the world, it was very well received. Reflecting the rapid advances in Solid Earth Geophysics over the past decade and the global need for an authentic update, this new edition of the Encyclopedia presents over 250 articles covering established and new concepts in Geophysics across various sub-disciplines such as Gravity, Geodesy, Geomagnetism, Seismology, Seismics, Deep Earth Processes, Plate Tectonics, Thermal Domains, Computational Methods, etc. in a systematic and consistent format. Offering an authoritative and current up-to-date reference source with extraordinary scope and gathering expert contributions by more than 300 authors around the globe, the new edition will serve as a valuable and cherished source of information for current and future generations of professionals. Review from the first edition: “The Encyclopedia of Solid Earth Geophysics … nicely brings together numerous geophysical topics and presents this sometimes dry, mathematical and abstract field in a language comprehensible to researchers, teachers, students, and professional geophysicists. … the new encyclopedia should be of great interest to petroleum explorers, researchers and educators as well. … A list of references at the end of each article directs the interested reader for further research.” (Rasoul Sorkhabi, GEO ExPro, September, 2013).
• Titolo autorizzato: Encyclopedia of Solid Earth Geophysics
• ISBN: 3-030-58631-6
• Formato: Materiale a stampa
• Livello bibliografico: Monografia
• Lingua di pubblicazione: Inglese
• Record Nr.: 9910484033303321
• Lo trovi qui: Univ. Federico II
• Serie: Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series, . 1871-756X