Nanocellulose : A Biopolymer for Biomedical Applications

• Autore: Mukhopadhyay Mainak
• Pubblicazione: Newark : , : John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, , 2024; ©2024
• Edizione: 1st ed.
• Descrizione fisica: 1 online resource (416 pages)
• Disciplina: 660.6
• Soggetto topico: Tissue engineering; Drug delivery systems
• Altri autori: BhattacharyaDebalina
• Nota di contenuto: Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Preface -- Chapter 1 Nanocellulose: A Cutting Edge Biopolymer - An Overview -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Nanocellulose: A Brief Overview -- 1.2.1 Structure and Source of Cellulose -- 1.2.2 Nomenclature and Types of Nanocellulose -- 1.3 Extraction of Nanocellulose -- 1.3.1 Mechanical Extraction -- 1.3.2 Chemical Extraction -- 1.4 Surface Modification and Functionalization for Nanocelluloses -- 1.4.1 Esterification -- 1.4.2 Silylation -- 1.4.3 Amidation -- 1.4.4 Sulfonation -- 1.5 Applications of Nanocellulose in Polymeric Composites -- 1.5.1 Nanocellulose-Reinforced Polymer Nanocomposites -- 1.5.1.1 Dispersion of Nanocellulose in the Matrix -- 1.5.1.2 Mechanical Performance of Resulting Nanocomposite -- 1.5.2 Nanocellulose-Based Hydrogels -- 1.5.3 Nanocellulose-Based Filaments -- 1.5.4 Nanocellulose for Biomedical Application -- 1.6 Summary and Prospects -- 1.6.1 Advantages of Nanocellulose-Reinforced Polymer Composites -- 1.6.2 Current Challenges -- 1.6.2.1 Functionalization -- 1.6.2.2 Mass Production -- 1.6.3 Conclusion and Future Developments -- References -- Chapter 2 Cellulose Nanofibers (CNF) and Nanocrystals (CNC): Pre-Treatment, Preparation, and Characterization -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Cellulose Nanofibers (CNF) -- 2.2.1 Pre-Treatment -- 2.2.1.1 Retting Process -- 2.2.1.2 Desalting Process -- 2.2.1.3 Dewaxing Process -- 2.2.1.4 Alkali Treatment -- 2.2.1.5 Ionic Liquid Extraction -- 2.2.1.6 Bleaching Treatment -- 2.2.1.7 Acid Treatment -- 2.2.1.8 Microwave-Assisted Hydrolysis -- 2.2.1.9 TEMPO-Oxidation -- 2.2.2 Extraction -- 2.2.2.1 Homogenization -- 2.2.2.2 Microfluidization -- 2.2.2.3 Ball Milling -- 2.2.2.4 Grinding -- 2.2.2.5 Blending -- 2.2.2.6 Sonication -- 2.2.2.7 Steam Explosion -- 2.2.2.8 Enzymatic Hydrolysis -- 2.2.3 Post-Treatment -- 2.2.3.1 Dialysis -- 2.2.3.2 Centrifugation. ; 2.2.3.3 Drying -- 2.3 Cellulose Nanocrystals (CNC) -- 2.3.1 Pre-Treatment -- 2.3.1.1 Alkali Treatment -- 2.3.1.2 Bleaching -- 2.3.1.3 Other Pre-Treatments -- 2.3.2 Extraction -- 2.3.2.1 Acid Hydrolysis -- 2.3.2.2 Enzymatic Hydrolysis -- 2.3.2.3 TEMPO Oxidation -- 2.3.2.4 Mechanical Process -- 2.3.3 Post-Treatment -- 2.4 Characterization -- 2.4.1 Morphology -- 2.4.1.1 Microscopy -- 2.4.2 Physical Characterization -- 2.4.2.1 XRD -- 2.4.2.2 Zeta Potential -- 2.4.2.3 TGA -- 2.4.3 Chemical Characterization -- 2.4.3.1 FTIR -- 2.4.3.2 XPS -- 2.4.3.3 Elemental Analysis -- 2.4.4 Mechanical Characterization -- 2.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 3 Synthesis and Characterization of Bacterial Nanocellulose -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.1.1 Production of Bacterial Nanocellulose -- 3.1.2 Classification of Bcs Operon -- 3.2 Structure and Functions of Proteins Involved in Bcs Operon -- 3.3 Diverse Nature of Bcs Operon -- 3.4 Regulation of Bacterial Nanocellulose Biosynthesis -- 3.5 Genetic Manipulation of BNC Producing Strains to Increase Yield -- 3.6 Factors for BNC Production -- 3.7 Characterization of Bacterial Nanocellulose -- 3.7.1 X-Ray Diffraction Spectroscopy (XRD) -- 3.7.2 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) -- 3.7.3 Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) -- 3.7.4 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) -- 3.7.5 Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) -- 3.7.6 Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) -- 3.7.7 Electrophoretic Light Scattering (ELS) -- 3.7.8 Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) -- 3.7.9 Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) -- 3.7.10 Particle Size Analysis -- 3.8 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 4 Process and Applications of Electrospinning -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 A Brief History of Electrospinning -- 4.3 Setup for the Experiment -- 4.4 Principle of the Process -- 4.5 Factors Affecting the Process of Electrospinning -- 4.5.1 Operating Parameters. ; 4.5.1.1 Applied Voltage -- 4.5.1.2 Flow Rate -- 4.5.1.3 The Separation between the Metallic Needle's Tip and the Collector -- 4.5.2 Material Parameters -- 4.5.2.1 Polymer Concentration -- 4.5.2.2 Viscosity -- 4.5.2.3 Surface Tension -- 4.5.2.4 Conductivity -- 4.5.3 Properties of Solvents -- 4.5.3.1 Vapor Pressure -- 4.5.3.2 Allowability -- 4.5.4 Environmental Aspects -- 4.6 Electrospinning Variations -- 4.6.1 Needle-Based Electrospinning -- 4.6.1.1 Single Nozzle -- 4.6.1.2 Coaxial Electrospinning -- 4.6.1.3 Tri-Axial Electrospinning -- 4.6.1.4 Multichannel Electrospinning -- 4.6.2 Needleless Electrospinning -- 4.6.3 Melt Electrospinning -- 4.6.4 Emulsion Electrospinning -- 4.6.5 Solution Electrospinning -- 4.7 Applications of Electrospun Fibers -- 4.7.1 Biomedical Applications -- 4.7.1.1 Drug Delivery Systems -- 4.7.1.2 Tissue Engineering -- 4.7.1.3 Wound Healing -- 4.8 Summary, Conclusion and Future Prospects -- References -- Chapter 5 Development of Nanocellulose-Based Nanocomposites and Its Properties -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.1.1 Nanocomposite -- 5.1.2 Nanofillers -- 5.2 Nanocellulose -- 5.2.1 Types and Nomenclature -- 5.2.2 Sources and Preparation -- 5.2.2.1 Top-Down Process -- 5.2.2.2 Bottom-Up Process -- 5.3 Nanocellulose-Based Nanocomposites -- 5.3.1 Nanocellulose Properties -- 5.3.2 Nanocomposite Fabrication -- 5.3.2.1 Solution Casting -- 5.3.2.2 Melt Mixing -- 5.3.2.3 In-Situ Polymerization -- 5.3.2.4 Electrospinning -- 5.3.2.5 Other Fabrication Techniques -- 5.4 Properties of Nanocellulose-Based Nanocomposites -- 5.4.1 Mechanical Property -- 5.4.2 Thermal Property -- 5.4.3 Barrier Property -- 5.4.4 Optical Property -- 5.4.5 Other Properties -- 5.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 6 Surface Functionalization Process: Its Advantages and Disadvantages -- 6.1 Chemical Approach -- 6.1.1 Acetylation/Esterification -- 6.1.2 Polymer Grafting. ; 6.1.3 Silylation -- 6.1.4 Acylation/Alkanoylation -- 6.1.5 Sulfonation -- 6.1.6 TEMPO-Mediated Oxidation -- 6.2 Enzymatic Approach -- 6.2.1 Direct Enzymatic Approach -- 6.2.1.1 Phosphorylation via Hexokinases -- 6.2.1.2 Cellulose Acylation/Esterification by Hydrolases -- 6.2.1.3 Esterification via Lipases -- 6.2.2 Indirect Enzymatic Approach -- 6.2.2.1 Surface Modification via Xyloglucan Endotransglucosylase -- 6.2.2.2 Grafting of Active Molecules -- 6.3 Physical Techniques -- 6.3.1 Plasma Treatment -- 6.3.2 Flame Treatment -- 6.3.3 Corona Treatment -- 6.3.4 Ion Beam Treatment -- 6.4 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 7 Applications of Nanocellulose in Tissue Engineering and Tissue Grafting -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Nanocellulose and Its Properties -- 7.2.1 Physical Properties -- 7.2.2 Surface Chemistry -- 7.2.3 Biological Characteristics -- 7.2.3.1 Biological and Hematological Compatibility -- 7.2.3.2 In Vivo Biodegradability -- 7.3 Classification of Nanocellulose and Their Synthesis -- 7.3.1 Cellulose Nanocrystals (CNCs) -- 7.3.2 Cellulose Nanofibrils (CNFs) -- 7.3.3 Bacterial Cellulose (BC) -- 7.4 Composites Based on Nanocellulose -- 7.4.1 Nanocellulose and Graphene Composite -- 7.4.2 Nanocellulose and Polyvinyl Alcohol Composite -- 7.4.3 Nanocellulose and Chitosan Composite -- 7.5 Applications of Nanocellulose in Tissue Engineering and Tissue Grafting -- 7.5.1 Nanocellulose for Engineering Skin and Tissues -- 7.5.2 Nanocellulose for Repairing Blood Vessels -- 7.5.3 Nanocellulose in Neural Tissue Engineering -- 7.5.4 Nanocellulose in Bone Tissue Engineering -- 7.6 Limitations of Nanocellulose -- 7.6.1 Production Cost -- 7.6.2 Mechanical Properties -- 7.6.3 Scalability -- 7.6.4 Compatibility with Cells -- 7.7 Future Prospects -- 7.8 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 8 Application of Nanocellulose for Wound Dressings -- 8.1 Introduction. ; 8.2 Types of Wounds -- 8.3 Nanocellulose-Based Wound Dressings -- 8.3.1 Hydrogels -- 8.3.2 Sponges -- 8.3.3 Nanofibers -- 8.3.4 Hydrocolloids -- 8.3.5 Films/Membranes -- 8.3.6 3D-Printed Wound Dressings -- 8.3.7 Composites -- 8.3.8 Other Scaffolds -- 8.4 Commercialized Nanocellulose-Based Wound Dressings -- 8.5 Future Perspective and Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 9 Use of Nanocellulose for Drug Carriers for Drug Delivery Applications -- Abbreviations -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Strategies for Drug Delivery -- 9.2.1 Active Targeting Drug Delivery -- 9.2.2 Passive Targeting Drug Delivery -- 9.3 Application of Various Biomaterials for Drug Delivery -- 9.3.1 Synthetic Biomaterials -- 9.3.2 Natural Biomaterials -- 9.4 Different Methods Involved in Nanocellulose Synthesis -- 9.4.1 Mechanical Synthesis -- 9.4.2 Chemical Synthesis -- 9.4.3 Biological Synthesis -- 9.5 Types of Nanocellulose -- 9.5.1 Cellulose Nanofibers (CNFs) -- 9.5.2 Cellulose Nanocrystals (CNCs) -- 9.5.3 Microfibrillated Cellulose (MFC) -- 9.5.4 Bacterial Nanocellulose (BNC) -- 9.6 Different Methods Used for Drug Loading/Encapsulation of Drug in Nanocellulose -- 9.6.1 1D Formulation Strategies -- 9.6.2 2D Formulation Strategies -- 9.6.3 3D Formulation Strategies -- 9.7 Importance of Nanocellulose as Drug Carrier -- 9.7.1 Biodegradability and Biocompatibility -- 9.7.2 Toxicological Concern -- 9.8 Drug Delivery via Different Nanocelluloses -- 9.8.1 Nanocellulose Aerogels -- 9.8.2 pH-Responsive Hydrogels -- 9.8.3 Injectable Hydrogels-Implants -- 9.8.4 Magnetic Nanocellulose -- 9.9 Nanocellulose-Based Drug Delivery in Pathological Disorder -- 9.9.1 Inflammation -- 9.9.2 Cancer -- 9.9.3 Bone-Related Disorder -- 9.9.4 Pulmonary Disorder -- 9.9.5 Wound Healing -- 9.9.6 Optical-Related Disease. ; 9.10 Commercialized and Research-Associated Nanocellulose Products Reported in Clinical Trials.
• Sommario/riassunto: This book explores the cutting-edge applications of nanocellulose, a biopolymer, in biomedical fields. Edited by Mainak Mukhopadhyay and Debalina Bhattacharya, it covers the structure, extraction, and surface modification of nanocellulose, emphasizing its use in polymeric composites and biomedical applications. The work delves into the preparation and properties of cellulose nanofibers and nanocrystals, as well as bacterial nanocellulose synthesis. Key topics include tissue engineering, wound dressings, and drug delivery systems. Aimed at researchers and professionals in bioscience and materials engineering, the book highlights both the potential and challenges of nanocellulose in advancing medical technologies.
• Titolo autorizzato: Nanocellulose
• ISBN: 9781394172825; 1394172826; 9781394172818; 1394172818
• Formato: Materiale a stampa
• Livello bibliografico: Monografia
• Lingua di pubblicazione: Inglese
• Record Nr.: 9911019514203321
• Lo trovi qui: Univ. Federico II