Chromium : environmental, medical, and materials studies / / editor, Margaret P. Salden

• Pubblicazione: New York, : Nova Science Publishers, c2011
• Edizione: 1st ed.
• Descrizione fisica: 1 online resource (400 p.)
• Disciplina: 620.1/8934
• Soggetto topico: Chromium; Chromium compounds
• Altri autori: SaldenMargaret P
• Note generali: Description based upon print version of record.
• Nota di bibliografia: Includes bibliographical references and index.
• Nota di contenuto: Intro -- CHROMIUM: ENVIRONMENTAL, MEDICAL AND MATERIALS STUDIES -- CHROMIUM: ENVIRONMENTAL, MEDICAL AND MATERIALS STUDIES -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- Chapter 1 TREATMENT OF CHROMIUM CONTAMINATION IN THE ENVIRONMENT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. CHROMIUM IS IMPORTANT -- 2.1. Physical and Chemical Properties of Chromium -- 2.2. Chromium Use -- 2.3. Chromium Regulations in Wastewater -- 3. TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES FOR CHROMIUM REMOVAL -- 3.1. Precipitation -- 3.2. Ion Exchange -- 3.3. Reverse Osmosis -- 3.4. Adsorption Method -- Physisorption -- Chemisorption -- 4. CR(VI) ADSORPTION FROM WASTEWATER BY COIR PITH -- 4.1. Coir Pith -- 4.2. Adsorption Isotherm for Cr(VI) Adsorption by Coir Pith -- 4.2.1. Langmuir isotherm -- 4.2.2. Freundlich isotherm -- 4.3. Mechanism of Chromium Adsorption by Coir Pith -- 4.3.1. X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) -- 4.3.2. FTIR Spectroscopy -- 4.3.3. Electron spin resonance (ESR) -- 4.4.4. Desorption -- 5. INCREASING CR(VI) ADSORPTION BY COIR PITH GRAFTED WITH CHEMICAL REAGENTS -- 6. APPLICATION OF COLUMN STUDY FOR CHROMIUM REMOVAL FROM INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER -- 6.1. Effect of Flow Rate on the Breakthrough Curves -- 6.2. Bed Depth Service time (BDST) Model -- 6.3. Application of the Thomas Model -- 6.4. Desorption and Column Regeneration -- 7. CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 2 CHROMIUM TOXICITY: FREE RADICAL ASPECTS -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- 1. CHROMIUM AS A CHEMICAL ELEMENT AND ITS ENVIRONMENTAL SOURCES -- 1.1. Chromium Characteristics -- 1.2. Natural Sources of Chromium -- 1.3. Anthropogenic Sources of Chromium -- 2. CHROMIUM ABSORPTION AND RELEASE BY LIVING ORGANISMS -- 3. CHROMIUM-INDUCED GENERATION OF REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES -- 3.1. Free Radicals, Reactive Oxygen Species and Oxidative Stress -- 3.2. Involvement of Chromium in Production of Reactive Oxygen Species. ; 4. CHROMIUM-MEDIATED ROS-INDUCED MODIFICATION OF CELLULAR MACROMOLECULES -- 4.1. Damage to Proteins -- 4.2. Damage to Lipids -- 4.3. DNA Breakage -- 5. TOXICITY OF CHROMIUM -- 5.1. Mutagenicity -- 5.2. Cytoxicity -- 5.3. Immunotoxicity -- 6. BIOLOGICAL REDUCTION OF CHROMIUM -- 6.1. Enzymatic Reduction of Chromium -- 6.2. Reduction of Chromium by Low Molecular Mass Compounds: Glutathione and Ascorbate -- 7. MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF CHROMIUM-INDUCED UPREGULATION OF ANTIOXIDANTS -- 7.1. Stabilization of HIF-1α -- 7.2. Activation of P53 Nuclear Factor -- 7.3. Activation of Nrf2/Keap1 System -- CONCLUSIONS AND PERSPECTIVES -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 3 CHROMIUM IN MEMS TECHNOLOGY -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- WHAT IS MEMS TECHNOLOGY -- RELEVANT PROPERTIES OF CHROMIUM FOR MEMS TECHNOLOGY -- Mechanical and Physical Properties -- Chemical Properties -- Thin Film Deposition Techniques -- Sputtering -- Evaporation -- Electroplating -- Wet Chemical Etching of Chromium -- Dry Etching of Chromium -- Chromium in Lithographic Masks -- Hard Masks -- Adhesion Layers -- Chromium Alloys -- Thin Films Resistors -- Other Applications -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 4 THE CELLULAR RESPONSE TO CHROMIUM (VI) - INDUCED DNA DAMAGE -- ABSTRACT -- I. CHROMIUM EXPOSURE -- II. TYPES OF CHROMIUM-INDUCED DNA DAMAGE -- III. REPAIR OF CHROMIUM-INDUCED DNA DAMAGE -- Nucleotide Excision Repair -- Base Excision Repair -- Repair of Double-Strand Breaks and Replication-Associated Damage -- Mismatch Repair -- Checkpoint Control through DNA Damage Signaling -- IV. THE ROLE OF THE DNA DAMAGE RESPONSE IN CR(VI)-ASSOCIATED CARCINOGENESIS -- V. UNANSWERED QUESTIONS AND CHALLENGES FOR FUTURE RESEARCH -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 5 CHROMIUM PICOLINATE INDUCES DNA DAMAGE, SENESCENCE AND CELL DEATH IN NORMAL COLONIC FIBROBLASTS -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS -- Cell Line. ; Treatments -- Chemiluminescent Quantitation of DNA Synthesis -- Cell Cycle Analysis -- Measurement of Oxidative Stress -- Measurement of DNA Damage - Comet Assay -- ERK, P38 and JNK Activities -- Immunoblotting -- Epigenetic Assay -- Cellular Senescence Assay -- Cell Death Analysis -- Criteria for Determination of Type of Cell Death -- Statistics -- 3. RESULTS -- DNA Synthesis and Cell Cycle -- DNA Damage and Oxidative Stress -- EPIGENETIC CHANGES -- MAPK Activities -- Cellular Senescence and Cell Death -- Effects of Pharmacological Inhibitors on Senescence, -- Apoptosis and Autophagy -- 4. DISCUSSION -- 5. CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENT -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 6 CHROMIUM COMPLEXES BASED CATALYSTS: THE ROLE OF THE LIGAND NATURE IN THE POLYMERIZATION OF CONJUGATED DIOLEFINS AND CYCLOOLEFINS -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. POLYMERIZATION OF 1,3-DIENES -- 2.1. Polydienes: Structures and Polymerization Mechanism -- 2.2. Ziegler-Natta Chromium Catalysts -- 2.3. Synthesis and Characterization of Diphosphine Chromium Complexes -- 2.4. Diphosphine Chromium Complexes Based Catalysts -- 2.5. Polymerization of Substituted Butadienes -- 2.6. Mechanistic Considerations -- 2.7. Butadiene-Isoprene Copolymerization -- 3. POLYMERIZATION OF NORBORNENE -- 3.1. Polynorbornenes: Modes of Polymerization and Structures -- 3.2. Polymerization of Norbornene with Chromium Catalysts -- 4. CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 7 HETEROGENEOUS CATALYSTS BASED ON CHROMIUM SITES: SYNTHESIS, CHARACTERIZATION AND APPLICATIONS -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. CHROMIUM CATALYSTS FOR ETHYLENE POLYMERIZATION -- 2.1. Chromium Catalysts Supported on Amorphous Materials -- Effect of Hydroxyl Population -- Effect of Support Chemical Composition -- Effect of Support Porosity -- 2.2. Chromium Catalysts Supported on Mesostructured Materials. ; 3. CHROMIUM CATALYSTS FOR OXIDATION REACTIONS -- 3.1. Heterogenous Chromium Catalysts for Cyclohexane Oxidation -- 3.2. Heterogenous Chromium Catalysts for the Oxidation of Other -- Organic Compounds -- 4. CHROMIUM CATALYSTS FOR DEHYDROGENATION REACTIONS -- 5. FINAL REMARKS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 8 MACROPOROUS AND NON-POROUS AMINO-FUNCTIONALIZED GLYCIDYL METHACRYLATE BASED COPOLYMERS FOR HEXAVALENT CHROMIUM SORPTION -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. EXPERIMENTAL -- 2.1. Materials -- 2.2. Analysis and Spectroscopy -- 2.3. Preparation of PGME -- 2.4. Functionalization of PGME with Diethylene Triamine -- 2.5. Chromium Sorption Batch Experiments -- 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION -- 3.1. Synthetic Aspects -- 3.2. Chromium(VI) Sorption on Amino-Functionalized PGME -- 3.3. Kinetic Models -- CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 9 TREATMENT OF CHROMIUM POLLUTED WATER THROUGH BIOSORPTION - AN ENVIRONMENT FRIENDLY APPROACH -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- HEAVY METAL POLLUTION -- CHROMIUM -- COMMON METAL REMOVAL TECHNIQUES -- BIOSORPTION - A SIMPLE, ECONOMICAL AND ECO-FRIENDLY APPROACH -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 10 RECYCLING OF LEATHER WASTE CONTAINING CHROMIUM - A REVIEW -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. COLLAGEN STRUCTURE AND CHROMIUM TANNING -- 3. DIRECT APPLICATIONS OF CHROMIUM TANNED LEATHER WASTE -- 3.1. Direct Use in Tanning Process -- 3.2. Use as Absorption and Adsorbent Material -- 3.3. Addition to Clays for Bricks and Tiles Manufacture -- 4. COMPOSITES INCORPORATING CHROMIUM-TANNED LEATHER WASTE FIBERS -- 5. CHROMIUM-CONTAINING WASTE HYDROLYSIS AND RESULTING PRODUCTS USE -- 5.1. Oxidative Dechroming -- 5.2. Acid Hydrolysis -- 5.3. Alkaline Hydrolysis -- 5.4. Enzymatic Hydrolysis -- 5.5. Geleable Fraction and Hydrolysates Reuse in Leather Industry -- Condensates of Collagen By-Products with Formaldehyde and Glutaraldehyde. ; Modification of Collagen By-Products with Microbial Transglutaminase, Casein and Whey -- Chemical Modification of Collagen by-Products with Acrylic Acid and Related Polymers -- Miscellaneous Modifications and Mixtures -- 5.6. Geleable Fraction and Hydrolysates Use in Other Industrial Processes -- Gelatine By-Products Applications -- Collagen Hydrolysates Application in Agriculture and Animal Feed Supplement -- Use In Rubber, Surfactants, Glues and Adhesives -- Use in Biodegradable Plastics, Fibers and Biotechnological Applications -- Building Industry -- Biomethanization -- 5.7. Alkaline and Alkaline Enzymatic Hydrolysis Chromium Cake/Sludge Reuse -- 6. ENERGY RECOVERY -- 7. CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter11COMPUTERSIMULATIONOF -CHROMIAANDITSSURFACE -- Abstract -- 1.Introduction -- 2.ASimpleTransferableInteratomicPotentialModelforBinaryOxides -- 2.1.InteractionPotential -- 2.2.FittingMethodology -- 2.3.SimplificationoftheInteractionPotential -- 2.4.TransferabilityoftheModeltoMgOandCaO -- 3.ComputerModellingof -Cr2O3and -Fe2O3withaModifiedMatsuiPotential -- 3.1.PotentialandFittingProcedure -- 3.2.ComputerModellingof -Cr2O3and -Fe2O3 -- 4.CalculationofNativeDefectEnergiesin -Al2O3, -Cr2O3and -Fe2O3usingaModifiedMatsuiPotential -- 4.1.PotentialParametersandMott-LittletonTheory -- 4.2.Calculationofnativedefectenergies -- 4.2.1.Convergencetest -- 4.2.2.Defectenergies -- 5.MolecularDynamicsSimulationofthe(0001) -Al2O3and -Cr2O3Surfaces -- 5.1.MolecularDynamicsSimulationDetails -- 5.2.ThermalExpansionCoefficients -- 5.3.SurfaceRelaxation -- 5.4.SurfaceDynamics -- 6.StructureandSurfaceEnergyofLow-indexSurfacesofStoichiometric -Al2O3and -Cr2O3 -- 6.1.Hartree-FockSimulationDetails -- 6.2.SurfaceRelaxation -- 6.3.SurfaceEnergy -- 7.StructureandElectronicPropertiesCalculationofUltrathin -Al2O3filmson(0001) -Cr2O3Templates. ; 7.1.Hartree-FockSimulationDetailsforSingleCellCalculations.
• Sommario/riassunto: Chromium is regarded with great interest because of its high corrosion resistance and hardness. This book presents research data in the study of chromium, including the treatment of chromium contamination in the environment; free radical aspects of chromium toxicity; and, chromium chemical properties relevant for MEMs.
• Titolo autorizzato: Chromium
• ISBN: 1-61209-048-6
• Formato: Materiale a stampa
• Livello bibliografico: Monografia
• Lingua di pubblicazione: Inglese
• Record Nr.: 9910974988103321
• Lo trovi qui: Univ. Federico II
• Serie: Chemical Engineering Methods and Technology