Membrane Based Point-of-Use Drinking Water Treatment Systems / Pawan Kumar Labhasetwar, Anshul Yadav

• Autore: Labhasetwar Pawan Kumar
• Pubblicazione: United Kingdom : , : IWA Publishing, , 2023
• Edizione: 1st ed.
• Descrizione fisica: 1 online resource (229 p.)
• Disciplina: 628.1674
• Soggetto topico: Technology & Engineering / Mining; Science / Applied Sciences; Science / Environmental Science; Science
• Persona (resp. second.): YadavAnshul
• Nota di contenuto: Intro -- Cover -- Contents -- About the authors -- Foreword -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Disclaimer -- Chapter 1 : Water sources and quality parameters -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Sources of Water -- 1.2.1 Surface water -- 1.2.2 Groundwater -- 1.3 Drinking Water Quality Parameters -- 1.3.1 Physical parameters -- 1.3.1.1 pH -- 1.3.1.2 Colour, taste and odour -- 1.3.1.3 Turbidity/total suspended solids -- 1.3.1.4 Total dissolved solids -- 1.3.1.5 Dissolved gases -- 1.3.2 Chemical parameters -- 1.3.2.1 Hardness -- 1.3.2.2 Major ions -- 1.3.2.3 Heavy metals -- 1.3.3 Microbiological -- 1.3.3.1 Bacteria -- 1.3.3.2 Virus -- 1.3.3.3 Protozoa -- 1.3.3.4 Helminths -- 1.3.3.5 Phytoplankton -- 1.3.4 Emerging contaminants in water -- 1.3.4.1 Pesticides -- 1.3.4.2 Pharmaceutical and personal care products -- 1.3.4.3 Radioactive elements -- 1.4 Summary -- Chapter 2 : Water supply systems and the need for point-of-use treatment systems -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Water Supply Systems -- 2.2.1 Catchment -- 2.2.2 Source -- 2.2.3 Treatment plant -- 2.2.4 Distribution network -- 2.2.5 Households -- 2.3 Major Contaminants in Water Sources -- 2.4 Treatment for Surface Water Sources -- 2.4.1 Aerator -- 2.4.2 Pre-sedimentation -- 2.4.3 Coagulation, flocculation, and sedimentation -- 2.4.3.1 Coagulation -- 2.4.3.2 Flocculation -- 2.4.3.3 Sedimentation -- 2.4.4 Filtration -- 2.4.4.1 Filter materials -- 2.4.4.2 Types of filters -- 2.5 Treatment for Groundwater -- 2.5.1 Pre-filtration (optional) -- 2.5.2 Electrocoagulation -- 2.5.3 Adsorption -- 2.5.4 Membrane filtration -- 2.5.5 Disinfection -- 2.5.5.1 Chlorination -- 2.5.5.2 Ultraviolet disinfection. ; 2.5.5.3 Ozonation -- 2.5.5.4 Copper-silver ionisation -- 2.5.6 Solar disinfection -- 2.6 Degradation of Water Quality at the Source -- 2.7 Deterioration of Water Quality from Source and Centralised Water Treatment Plants to Households -- 2.7.1 Need for point-of-use water treatment systems -- 2.7.2 Summary -- Chapter 3 : Point-of-use water treatment systems -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Point-of-Entry and Point-of-Use Water Treatment Systems -- 3.2.1 Point-of-Entry water treatment systems -- 3.2.2 Point-of-use water treatment systems -- 3.3 Classification of Point-of-use Water Treatment Systems -- 3.4 Components of Membrane-Based POINT-OF-USE Water Treatment Systems -- 3.4.1 Storage tank -- 3.4.2 Pre-treatment -- 3.4.2.1 Media filters -- 3.4.2.2 Cartridge filters -- 3.4.2.3 Activated carbon filters -- 3.4.3 Membranes -- 3.4.3.1 Transport mechanism -- 3.4.3.2 Structure -- 3.4.3.3 Geometry -- 3.4.3.4 Nature -- 3.4.3.5 Pore size -- 3.4.4 Post-treatment -- 3.4.4.1 Ultraviolet disinfection -- 3.4.4.2 Remineralisation -- 3.4.4.3 Total dissolved solids adjustment/controller -- 3.4.4.4 Sensors -- 3.5 Limitations of POINT-OF-USE Water Treatment Systems -- 3.6 Smart and Futuristic Membrane-Based POINT-OF-USE Water Treatment Systems -- 3.7 Summary -- Chapter 4 : Design of membrane-based point-of-use water treatment systems -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Design Parameters for Membrane-Based point-of-use Water Treatment System -- 4.2.1 Capacity -- 4.2.1.1 Case study 1 -- 4.2.1.2 Case study 2 -- 4.2.2 Pre-treatment system -- 4.2.2.1 Dimension of activated carbon filter -- 4.2.3 Membranes (size, length, area, recovery, rejection) -- 4.2.3.1 Membrane area calculation -- 4.2.3.2 Membrane length calculation. ; 4.2.3.3 Per cent rejection -- 4.2.3.4 Per cent recovery -- 4.2.4 Membrane module -- 4.2.4.1 Feed spacer -- 4.2.4.2 Permeate spacer -- 4.2.4.3 Permeate tube -- 4.2.4.4 Endcap -- 4.2.5 Post-treatment -- 4.2.5.1 Chlorination -- 4.2.5.2 Ultraviolet disinfection -- 4.2.5.3 Total dissolved solids adjustment/controller (bypass, adding chemicals, etc.) -- 4.3 Design of Multi-Stage Membrane-Based POINT-OF-USE Water Treatment System -- 4.4 summary -- Chapter 5 : Modelling membrane operations in membrane-based point-of-use water treatment systems -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 General Principles of Modelling -- 5.3 Transport Models Used in Modelling Membrane Processes -- 5.4 Modelling reverse osmosis Process -- 5.4.1 Modelling transport phenomena in reverse osmosis membrane -- 5.4.2 Membrane reliability modelling -- 5.4.3 Modelling transport and fouling mechanisms -- 5.4.4 Modelling concentration polarisation -- 5.4.5 Energy consumption -- 5.4.5.1 Specific energy consumption -- 5.4.5.2 Energy efficiency -- 5.5 Case studies -- 5.5.1 Modelling velocity field and concentration polarisation -- 5.5.1.1 Velocity field -- 5.5.1.2 Concentration polarisation -- 5.5.2 Effect of spacer filament geometry on velocity field and concentration polarisation -- 5.5.2.1 Velocity field -- 5.5.2.2 Concentration polarisation -- 5.6 Summary -- Chapter 6 : Operation and maintenance of membrane-based point-of-use water treatment systems -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Operation and Maintenance Related Challenges of point-of-use Water Treatment Systems -- 6.2.1 Clogging of the pre-treatment unit -- 6.2.2 Clogging/fouling of membranes -- 6.2.2.1 Types of fouling -- 6.2.3 Failure of post-treatment -- 6.2.4 Non-functional sensors. ; 6.3 Preventive Maintenance of Membrane-Based POINT-OF-USE Water Treatment Systems -- 6.3.1 Maintenance of pre-treatment unit -- 6.3.2 Maintenance of membrane unit -- 6.3.2.1 Membrane unit cleaning -- 6.3.2.2 Anti-foulant chemical design -- 6.3.3 Maintenance of post-treatment -- 6.4 Troubleshooting of POINT-OF-USE Water Treatment System -- 6.4.1 Consistently replace reverse osmosis pre-filters -- 6.4.2 Test hardness of feed water -- 6.4.3 Test pressure of feed water -- 6.4.4 Inspect feed water temperature -- 6.4.5 Test total dissolved solids of product water -- 6.4.6 Test reject water -- 6.4.7 Replacement of membranes -- 6.4.8 Routine cleaning and disinfection -- 6.5 Summary -- Chapter 7 : Techno-economic analysis of membrane-based point-of-use water treatment systems -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Cost-Effectiveness of Centralised Water Treatment Plants -- 7.3 Cost-Effectiveness of point-of-use Water Treatment Systems -- 7.4 P o U Water Treatment Systems Market Dynamics -- 7.4.1 Driver: increasing water contamination -- 7.4.2 Restraint: high installation, equipment and operational cost -- 7.4.3 Opportunity: scarcity of clean water in developing and underdeveloped countries -- 7.4.4 Challenge: ageing infrastructure -- 7.4.5 Counter-top units are the widely preferred device of point-of-use water treatment systems -- 7.4.6 Increased demand from the residential sector -- 7.4.7 Reverse osmosis is the most preferred point-of-use water treatment technology -- 7.5 Country-Wise Costs of point-of-use Water Treatment Systems -- 7.6 Economic Analysis of point-of-use Water Treatment Systems -- 7.6.1 Capital investment -- 7.6.2 Cost of membrane-based point-of-use water treatment systems. ; 7.7 Global Market Size of Membrane-Based point-of-use Water Treatment Systems -- 7.8 Cost Details of Membrane-Based point-of-use Water Treatment Systems: A Case Study From India -- 7.9 Summary -- Chapter 8 : Certification and evaluation of membrane-based point-of-use water treatment systems -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Standards for Evaluation/Certification from International Agencies -- 8.2.1 World Health Organisation -- 8.2.2 National Science Foundation/American National Standards Institute -- 8.2.3 National Science Foundation-International -- 8.2.4 Water Quality India Association -- 8.3 Country-Specific Standards for Evaluation/Certification -- 8.3.1 Brazil -- 8.3.2 Canada -- 8.3.3 China -- 8.3.4 European Union -- 8.3.5 India -- 8.3.6 Mexico -- 8.3.7 The United States of America -- 8.4 Certification/Evaluation Process -- 8.4.1 Certification process description -- 8.4.1.1 Process development -- 8.4.1.2 Technical Review Board -- 8.4.2 Certification process -- 8.4.2.1 Application -- 8.4.2.2 Document review, preliminary audit, and finalisation of activities -- 8.4.2.3 Contract -- 8.4.2.4 Evaluation -- 8.4.3 Point-of-use water treatment system testing schedules -- 8.4.3.1 Testing schedule considerations -- 8.4.3.2 Communication to the manufacturer -- 8.4.3.3 Complaints and appeals -- 8.4.3.4 Surveillance -- 8.5 Summary -- References -- Index.
• Sommario/riassunto: Membrane based PoU water treatment systems are preferred due to shortcomings of other water treatment technologies. This system works without the addition of chemicals, with relatively low energy consumption, and easy and well-arranged process conductions. Hence, there is an inevitable need to understand the basic operational parameters, design and maintenance of membrane based PoU water treatment systems. The book provides insight of membrane based PoU water treatment systems (ultrafiltration, microfiltration, nano-filtration, reverse osmosis etc.) including description of physical, chemical, microbiological water contaminants and conventional methods for their removal. This book also discusses the limitations of conventional water treatment systems in fulfilling PoU water demands in developing countries and evaluates the suitability of membrane based treatment covering design, operation, maintenance and techno-economic feasibility of PoU water treatment system. The book covers issues related to water quality, water contamination, reasons for recent water quality degradation, conventional methods for water treatment -their limitations and need for PoU water treatment systems. The first chapter explains the contaminants in drinking water, sources and effects of these contaminants, and importance of removal of these contaminants. Second chapter describes various units, advantages and limitations of conventional water treatment plant in addition to various point-of-use water treatment technologies. Third chapter covers detail about ultrafiltration, microfiltration, nanofiltration and RO based PoU water treatment systems. Fourth chapter describes design criteria, and design of pre-treatment and post-treatment and multi-stage/multi-barrier systems. Modelling and simulation, process optimization, material requirement and bill of materials and more importantly fabrication aspects are included in Chapter 5. Chapter 6 includes operation and maintenance aspects including that of pre and post treatment units. Techno-economic aspects of membrane based PoU systems are elucidated in seventh chapter. The last chapter elaborates process of certification and evaluation.
• Titolo autorizzato: Membrane Based Point-of-Use Drinking Water Treatment Systems
• Formato: Materiale a stampa
• Livello bibliografico: Monografia
• Lingua di pubblicazione: Inglese
• Record Nr.: 9910831805903321
• Lo trovi qui: Univ. Federico II