Dermal absorption and decontamination : a comprehensive guide / / edited by Aileen M. Feschuk, Rebecca M. Law, Howard I. Maibach

• Pubblicazione: Cham, Switzerland : , : Springer, , [2022]; ©2022
• Descrizione fisica: 1 online resource (339 pages)
• Disciplina: 733
• Soggetto topico: Dermatotoxicology
• Persona (resp. second.): FeschukAileen M.; LawRebecca M.; MaibachHoward I.
• Nota di bibliografia: Includes bibliographical references and index.
• Nota di contenuto: Intro -- Preface -- References -- Contents -- Chapter 1: Skin Decontamination with Water: Evidence from In Vivo Human Studies -- Introduction -- Methods -- Search Strategy -- Eligibility -- Data Screening -- Data Extraction and Analysis -- Results -- Study and Participant Characteristics -- Water-Only Chemical Decontamination -- Soap and Water Chemical Decontamination -- Chemical Decontamination with 10% Isopropanol Distilled Water -- Discussion -- References -- Chapter 2: Toward a Harmonized Protocol for Quantifying In Vitro Human Skin Decontamination Efficacy -- Introduction -- Measuring In Vivo Percutaneous Absorption: Animal or Man -- Urine Excretion -- Percutaneous Absorption as Sum of All Residues in Body: Animal Only -- Percutaneous Absorption as Measurement of Material Lost from Skin Surface -- Chemical Analytic Methods -- Breath Test to Measure Percutaneous Absorption -- Animal Models to Study Percutaneous Absorption -- Rhesus Monkeys -- Miniature Pigs -- Hairless Guinea Pigs -- Hairless Rats -- Studying PA Using In Vitro Models -- Receptor Fluids -- Human Skin Models -- Computer Modeling -- RSDL -- French Test Standard Method of Quantifying Decontamination Effectiveness -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 3: In Vitro Human Skin Decontamination with Water: Chemical Warfare Agents or Simulants -- Introduction -- Materials and Methods -- Search Strategy -- Eligibility -- Data Screening -- Data Extraction and Analysis -- Results -- Study Characteristics -- Water-Only Decontamination -- Soap and Water Decontamination -- Water-Only and Soap and Water Decontamination -- Discussion -- References -- Chapter 4: In Vitro Human Skin Decontamination with Water: Occupational Contaminants -- Introduction -- Materials and Methods -- Search Strategy -- Eligibility -- Data Screening -- Data Extraction and Analysis -- Results -- Study Characteristics. ; Water-Only Decontamination -- Soap and Water Decontamination -- Water-Only and Soap and Water Decontamination -- Discussion -- References -- Chapter 5: Skin Decontamination with Water: Evidence from In Vivo Animal Models -- Introduction -- Methods -- Search Strategy -- Eligibility -- Data Screening -- Data Extraction and Analysis -- Results -- Study Characteristics -- Water-Only Chemical Decontamination -- Soap and Water -- Soap and Water Versus Water -- Discussion -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 6: Skin Decontamination with Water: Evidence from In Vitro Animal Models -- Introduction -- Methods -- Results -- Study Characteristics -- Comparing Water to Soap and Water Decontamination -- Comparing Soap and Water to Other Decontamination Solutions -- Comparing Water to Other Decontamination Solutions -- Discussion -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 7: Dermal Decontamination with Readily Available Dry Products -- Introduction -- Materials and Methods -- Results -- Study Characteristics -- Study Findings -- Discussion -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 8: A Review of Reactive Skin Decontamination Lotion Efficacy -- Introduction -- Methods -- Results -- Discussion -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 9: Aqueous Suspensions of Fuller's Earth Potentiate the Adsorption Capacities of Paraoxon and Improve Skin Decontamination Properties -- Introduction -- Materials and Methods -- Material -- Toxicity -- In Vitro Cell Toxicity -- In Vivo Danio rerio Toxicity -- Ex Vivo Cell Diffusion Assays -- Skin Explants -- Decontamination Protocols -- Collection and Treatment of Samples -- Quantification by HPLC-UV -- Ex Vivo Evaluation of a Skin Decontaminant -- Statistical Analysis -- Results -- Toxicity of Fuller's Earth Suspensions -- FE Suspensions' Supernatant Cytotoxicity -- In Vivo Toxicity of FE Suspensions -- Ex Vivo Decontamination Assays. ; Differences in Paraoxon Penetration Kinetics Through Pig Ear Skin and Human Abdominal Skin -- Efficacy of FE Suspension Compared to FE Powder and Water -- Relationship Between FE Suspensions' Concentration and Decontamination Efficiency -- Comparison of Skin Origins and of Decontamination Methods -- Discussion -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 10: Development of a Next Generation Military Skin Decontaminant: Initial Efficacy Studies of Zirconium Hydroxide -- Introduction -- Materials and Methods -- Chemicals -- Experimental Approach -- Screening Experiment -- Decontamination of Porcine Skin -- Results -- Screening Experiment Using Strat-M™ -- Decontamination Efficacy with Porcine Skin -- Discussion -- References -- Chapter 11: Findings from the PHOENIX Project: 'Protocols for Hair and the Optimisation of Existing and Novel Decontamination Interventions Through Experimentation' -- Introduction -- Speed Is Critical -- The Importance of Disrobing -- Dry Decontamination of Skin Is an Effective Intervention When Initiated in a Timely Manner -- There Are Optimised Parameters for Mass Decontamination Showering -- Decontamination Methods Have Variable Efficacy for Contaminated Hair -- Decontamination Must be Casualty Focused to Facilitate Compliance -- The PHOENIX Project -- Discussion and Conclusions -- Use of a Benzyl Salicylate (BeS) as a Novel Simulant and What This Adds to Our Understanding -- Hair-Wicking and the Protective Effect of Longer Hair -- Urine Analysis Raises More Questions Than Answers -- Future Directions for Mass Decontamination -- References -- Chapter 12: Twenty Clinically Pertinent Factors/Observations for Percutaneous Absorption in Humans -- Introduction -- Factors in Percutaneous Absorption -- 1. What are the relevant physicochemical properties of the medication/chemical?. ; 2. What effects do the vehicle/formulation of the product have on drug absorption? -- 3. What effects do the conditions of drug exposure (dose, duration, surface area, and frequency of exposure) have on drug absorption? -- 4. Do the skin appendages (hair follicles, sebaceous glands, apocrine and eccrine sweat glands) have a role in topical drug absorption? -- 5. How do the skin sites of application affect absorption? -- 6. What population variability factors affect topical absorption? -- 7. How do skin surface conditions affect topical drug absorption? -- 8. How does skin health and skin integrity affect topical absorption? -- 9. How does substantivity and binding to the different skin components affect topical absorption? -- 10. How does topical application result in systemic distribution of the drug or chemical? -- 11. How, if at all, does exfoliation affect topical absorption? -- 12. Does washing affect topical absorption? -- 13. Does rubbing or massaging affect topical absorption? -- 14. Can medications or chemicals be transferred from one person to another through skin contact, clothing, or contact with an inanimate surface? -- 15. How is topical absorption affected if a drug or chemical is volatile? -- 16. Does metabolic transformation occur during topical absorption, and if so, how and what? Does cutaneous metabolism occur? -- 17. Does photochemical transformation occur during topical absorption, and if so, how and what? -- 18. How does metabolism affect excretion kinetics of the drug or chemical? and how does excretion kinetics relate to topical absorption? -- 19. How does lateral spread affect percutaneous absorption? -- 20. For investigators, does the method of determining percutaneous absorption influence the results and the interpretation of study results? -- Summary -- References. ; Chapter 13: Lateral Spread and Percutaneous Penetration: An Overview -- Introduction -- Definition -- Consequences of Lateral Spread -- Evidence for the Lateral Spread Phenomenon -- Spread Pattern -- Factors Affecting Lateral Spread -- Molecular Weight -- Time -- Time-Dependent Redistribution -- Physicochemical Properties -- Formulation -- Viscosity -- Skin Surface Topography -- Anatomical Sites -- Natural Lateral Spread Phenomena -- Summary and Future Needs -- Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 14: Regional Variation in Percutaneous Absorption: Evidence from In Vitro Human Models -- Introduction -- Methods -- Search Strategy -- Eligibility -- Data Screening -- Data Extraction and Analysis -- Results -- Study Characteristics -- Study Results -- Study 1: Smith et al. (1961) -- Study 2: Ritschel et al. (1989) -- Study 3: Harada et al. (1993) -- Study 4: Ogiso et al. (2002) -- Study 5: Schmitt et al. (2010) -- Study 6: Rolland et al. (2011) -- Study 7: Trabaris et al. (2012) -- Study 8: Elmahdy et al. (2020) -- Discussion -- Conclusions Regarding Regional Variation in Percutaneous Absorption -- Study Limitations -- Practical Application of Results -- Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 15: Experimental Variability in TEWL Data -- Introduction -- Materials and Methods -- Results -- Experimental Variables -- Sample Size and Power -- Evaporimeter Standardization -- Technician Training -- Room Temperature -- Environmental Variables -- Season -- Altitude -- Individual Variables -- Age -- Anatomic Site -- Sex -- Skin of Color -- Circadian Rhythm -- Sleep -- Food -- Body Mass Index (BMI) -- Smoking Status -- Eccrine Sweating -- Menstrual Cycle -- Discussion -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 16: Relationships Between Skin of Color and the TEWL Barrier -- Introduction -- Materials and Methods -- Results -- No TEWL Differences -- TEWL Differences. ; Discussion.
• Titolo autorizzato: Dermal absorption and decontamination
• ISBN: 3-031-09222-8
• Formato: Materiale a stampa
• Livello bibliografico: Monografia
• Lingua di pubblicazione: Inglese
• Record Nr.: 9910616362303321
• Lo trovi qui: Univ. Federico II