Planets, Stars and Stellar Systems [[electronic resource] ] : Volume 5: Galactic Structure and Stellar Populations / / edited by Gerard Gilmore

• Pubblicazione: Dordrecht : , : Springer Netherlands : , : Imprint : Springer, , 2013
• Edizione: 1st ed. 2013.
• Descrizione fisica: 1 online resource (452 illus., 231 illus. in color. eReference.)
• Disciplina: 523.112
• Soggetto topico: Astrophysics; Observations, Astronomical; Astronomy—Observations; Space sciences; Astrobiology; Astrophysics and Astroparticles; Astronomy, Observations and Techniques; Space Sciences (including Extraterrestrial Physics, Space Exploration and Astronautics)
• Persona (resp. second.): GilmoreGerard
• Note generali: Includes index.
• Nota di contenuto: Intro -- Planets, Stars and Stellar Systems -- Galactic Structure and Stellar Populations -- Series Preface -- Preface to Volume 5 -- Editor-in-Chief -- Volume Editor -- Table of Contents -- List of Contributors -- 1 Stellar Populations -- 1 Introduction: Definitions of Populations I and II -- 2 Early Understanding of Populations I and II -- 3 Some Complexities: What Is Population II? -- 3.1 Thick Disks -- 3.2 Bulges -- 3.2.1 Milky Way Galaxy -- 3.2.2 M31 -- 3.3 Stellar Halo -- 3.3.1 Field Stars -- 3.4 Satellite Galaxies -- 3.4.1 Globular Clusters -- 4 Cosmological Implications of the Properties of (Galactic) Stellar Populations -- Acknowledgments -- Cross-References -- References -- 2 Chemical Abundances as Population Tracers -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Determination of Stellar Abundance Ratios -- 2.1 Observation and Reduction of Stellar Spectra -- 2.2 Model Atmospheres -- 2.3 Abundance Analysis -- 2.4 Determination of Atmospheric Parameters for F, G, and K Stars -- 2.5 Diffusion and Dust-Gas Separation of Elements -- 3 Elements Used as Stellar Population Tracers -- 3.1 Carbon and Oxygen -- 3.2 Intermediate-Mass Elements -- 3.3 The Iron-Peak Elements -- 3.4 The Neutron Capture Elements -- 4 The Galactic Disk -- 4.1 The Thick and The Thin Disk -- 4.2 The [/Fe] Distribution of Disk Stars -- 4.3 Abundance Gradients in the Disk -- 5 The Galactic Bulge -- 6 The Galactic Halo -- 6.1 Evidence of Two Distinct Halo Populations -- 6.2 Kinematics and Origin of the Two Halo Populations -- 6.3 Globular Clusters and Dwarf Galaxies -- 7 Conclusions -- Cross-References -- References -- 3 Metal-Poor Stars and the Chemical Enrichment of the Universe -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 The Role of Metal-Poor Stars -- 1.2 Background Matters -- 1.2.1 Essential Reading -- 1.2.2 Abundance Definitions -- 1.2.3 Nomenclature -- 1.3 Plan of Attack. ; 2 Discovery: The Search for Needles in the Haystack -- 2.1 Historical Perspective -- 2.2 Search Techniques -- 2.3 High-Resolution and High S/N Follow-Up Spectroscopy -- 2.4 Census of the Most Metal-Poor Stars -- 2.5 The Lowest Observable Metallicity -- 3 Derived Chemical Abundances -- 3.1 Abundance Determination -- 3.1.1 One-Dimensional Model Atmosphere Analyses -- 3.1.2 Three-Dimensional Model Atmospheres -- 3.1.3 Departures from Thermodynamic Equilibrium (Non-LTE) -- 3.1.4 Caveat Emptor -- 3.1.5 Post-Astration Abundance Modification -- 3.2 Abundance Patterns -- 3.2.1 Metallicity Distribution Functions (MDF) -- The Galactic Globular Cluster System -- Field Stars -- Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxies (dSph) -- 3.2.2 Relative Abundances -- 4 The Chemical Evolution of the Universe -- 4.1 Relics of the Big Bang -- 4.1.1 Helium -- 4.1.2 Lithium -- 4.2 The Milky Way Halo -- 4.2.1 The Evolution of Carbon Through Zinc -- Carbon, Nitrogen, and Oxygen -- -Elements -- Iron-Peak Elements -- 4.2.2 The Evolution of Neutron-Capture Elements -- s-process -- r-process -- 4.3 The Milky Way Globular Clusters and Dwarf Galaxies -- 4.3.1 Globular Clusters -- 4.3.2 Dwarf Galaxies -- 5 Cosmo-Chronometry -- 5.1 Nucleo-chronometry of Metal-Poor Field Stars -- 6 Cosmogony -- 6.1 The Early Universe -- 6.2 The Milky Way -- 7 Conclusions and Future Prospects -- Acknowledgements -- Cross-References -- References -- 4 The Stellar and Sub-Stellar Initial Mass Function of Simple and Composite Populations -- 1 Introduction and Historical Overview -- 1.1 Solar Neighborhood -- 1.2 Star Clusters -- 1.3 Intermediate-Mass and Massive Stars -- 1.4 The Invariant IMF and Its Conflict with Theory -- 1.5 Philosophical Note -- 1.6 Hypothesis Testing -- 1.7 About This Text -- 1.8 Other IMF Reviews -- 2 Some Essentials -- 2.1 Unavoidable Biases Affecting IMF Studies. ; 2.2 Discretizing an IMF: Optimal Sampling and the mmax-Mecl Relation -- 2.3 Discretizing an IMF: Random Sampling and the Mass-Generating Function -- 2.4 A Practical Numerical Formulation of the IMF -- 2.5 Statistical Treatment of the Data -- 2.6 Binary Systems -- 3 The Maximum Stellar Mass -- 3.1 On the Existence of a Maximum Stellar Mass -- 3.2 The Upper Physical Stellar Mass Limit -- 3.3 The Maximal Stellar Mass in a Cluster, Optimal Sampling and Saturated Populations -- 3.3.1 Theory -- 3.3.2 Observational data -- 3.3.3 Interpretation -- 3.3.4 Stochastic or Regulated Star Formation? -- 3.3.5 A Historical Note -- 3.4 Caveats -- 4 The Isolated Formation of Massive Stars -- 5 The IMF of Massive Stars -- 6 The IMF of Intermediate-Mass Stars -- 7 The IMF of Low-Mass Stars (LMSs) -- 7.1 Galactic-Field Stars and the Stellar Luminosity Function -- 7.2 The Stellar Mass-Luminosity Relation -- 7.3 Unresolved Binary Stars and the Solar-Neighborhood IMF -- 7.4 Star Clusters -- 8 The IMF of Very Low-Mass Stars (VLMSs) and of Brown Dwarfs (BDs) -- 8.1 BD and VLMS Binaries -- 8.2 The Number of BDs per Star and BD Universality -- 8.3 BD Flavors -- 8.4 The Origin of BDs and Their IMF -- 9 The Shape of the IMF from Resolved Stellar Populations -- 9.1 The Canonical, Standard or Average IMF -- 9.2 The IMF of Systems and of Primaries -- 9.3 The Galactic-Field IMF -- 9.4 The Alpha Plot -- 9.5 The Distribution of Data Points in the Alpha-Plot -- 10 Comparisons and Some Numbers -- 10.1 The Solar-Neighborhood Mass Density and Some Other Numbers -- 10.2 Other IMF Forms and Cumulative Functions -- 11 The Origin of the IMF -- 11.1 Theoretical Notions -- 11.2 The IMF from the Cloud-Core Mass Function? -- 12 Variation of the IMF -- 12.1 Trivial IMF Variation Through the mmax-Mecl Relation -- 12.2 Variation with Metallicity -- 12.3 Cosmological Evidence for IMF Variation. ; 12.4 Top-Heavy IMF in Starbursting Gas -- 12.5 Top-Heavy IMF in the Galactic Center -- 12.6 Top-Heavy IMF in Some Star-Burst Clusters -- 12.7 Top-Heavy IMF in Some Globular Clusters (GCs) -- 12.8 Top-Heavy IMF in UCDs -- 12.9 The Current State of Affairs Concerning IMF Variation with Density and Metallicity and Concerning Theory -- 13 Composite Stellar Populations: The IGIMF -- 13.1 IGIMF Basics -- 13.2 IGIMF Applications, Predictions and Observational Verification -- 14 The Universal Mass Function -- 15 Concluding Comments -- Acknowledgments -- Cross-References -- References -- 5 The Galactic Nucleus -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Radio Morphology of the Galactic Nucleus -- 3 X-ray Morphology of the Central Region -- 4 The Supermassive Black Hole -- 5 The Central Star Cluster -- 6 The Environment Surrounding Sagittarius A -- 7 Strong Field Physics -- Cross-References -- References -- 6 The Galactic Bulge -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Overview, Scope, and Definition -- 1.2 A Brief History -- 2 The Age and Population of the Galactic Bulge -- 2.1 Evidence for Minority Populations of Intermediate and Younger Age -- 2.2 Microlensed Dwarfs: A Young, Metal-Rich Population? -- 2.3 The Luminosity Function -- 2.4 Globular Clusters -- 3 Composition -- 3.1 Optical Spectroscopy -- 3.2 Infrared Spectroscopy -- 3.3 Composition and Comparison with Other Populations -- 3.4 Na and Al -- 3.5 Heavy Elements -- 4 Kinematics -- 4.1 Stellar Radial Velocity Surveys -- 4.2 Proper-Motion Studies -- 5 Kinematics and Composition -- 5.1 Are There Subcomponents in the Bulge Abundance Distribution? -- 6 Structure -- 6.1 The X-Shaped Bulge -- 6.2 A Classical Bulge? -- 7 The Milky Way Bulge in an Extragalactic Context -- 8 Theories for the Formation of the Bulge -- 9 Future Surveys -- 9.1 Ground-Based Imaging Surveys -- 9.2 Spectroscopic Surveys -- 9.3 Radio Surveys -- 9.4 Space-Based Surveys. ; 10 Observational Challenges for the Future -- Cross-References -- References -- 7 Open Clusters and Their Role in the Galaxy -- 1 Introduction and Overview -- 1.1 Surveys and Catalogs -- 2 Open Clusters as Stellar Laboratories -- 2.1 Color-Magnitude Diagrams -- 2.2 Structural Properties and Dynamical Evolution -- 2.2.1 Structural Properties and Masses -- 2.2.2 Cluster Dynamical Evolution -- 2.3 Cluster Mass Functions -- 2.4 Stellar Evolution and Star Clusters -- 2.4.1 Convective Overshooting -- 2.4.2 White Dwarfs and the Initial-Final Mass Function -- 2.4.3 Binary Stars and Blue Stragglers -- 2.4.4 Stellar Nucleosynthesis and Evolution -- 3 Open Clusters as Galactic Tracers -- 3.1 Spatial Distribution of Clusters -- 3.2 Cluster Physical Parameters -- 3.3 Spiral Arms -- 3.4 Longevity of Open Clusters -- 3.5 The Oldest Open Clusters -- 4 Galactic Chemical Evolution -- 4.1 Disk Abundance Gradients -- 4.2 Evolution of the Abundance Gradient with Age -- 4.3 Elemental Abundance Ratios -- 4.4 Age-Metallicity Relationship -- 4.5 Comparison to the Disk Field Populations -- 4.6 Comparison to Theoretical Models -- 5 Clusters in the Context of Galaxy Formation and Evolution -- Cross-References -- References -- 8 Star Counts and Nature of the Galactic Thick Disk -- 1 Introduction: Historical Overview -- 2 The Star Count Galaxy Model -- 2.1 Fundamental Equation -- 2.2 Input Data -- 2.2.1 Solar Metallicity Inputs -- 2.2.2 Lower Metallicity Inputs -- 2.3 Functional Forms -- 2.3.1 Density Function -- 2.3.2 Metallicity Function -- 2.3.3 Model Parameters -- 2.4 Star Count Observations -- 3 Structural Constraints from Star Counts -- 3.1 Estimates of Structural Parameters -- 3.2 Implications of Recent Estimates -- 3.3 Vertical Scale Height of Thick Disk -- 3.4 Radial Scale Length of Thick Disk -- 3.5 Systematics in the Results -- 3.5.1 PPA or MFA -- 3.5.2 Binary Effect. ; 4 Interpretation of the Hess Diagram.
• Sommario/riassunto: This is volume 5 of Planets, Stars and Stellar Systems, a six-volume compendium of modern astronomical research, covering subjects of key interest to the main fields of contemporary astronomy. This volume on “Galactic Structure and Stellar Populations”, edited by Gerard F. Gilmore, presents accessible review chapters on Stellar Populations, Chemical Abundances as Population Tracers, Metal-Poor Stars and the Chemical Enrichment of the Universe, The Stellar and Sub-Stellar Initial Mass Function of Simple and Composite Populations, The Galactic Nucleus, The Galactic Bulge, Open Clusters and Their Role in the Galaxy, Star Counts and the Nature of Galactic Thick Disk, The Infrared Galaxy, Interstellar PAHs and Dust, Galactic Neutral Hydrogen, High-Velocity Clouds, Magnetic Fields in Galaxies, Astrophysics of Galactic Charged Cosmic Rays, Gamma-Ray Emission of Supernova Remnants and the Origin of Galactic Cosmic Rays, Galactic Distance Scales, Globular Cluster Dynamical Evolution, Dynamics of Disks and Warps, Mass Distribution and Rotation Curve in the Galaxy, Dark Matter in the Galactic Dwarf Spheroidal Satellites, and History of Dark Matter in Galaxies. All chapters of the handbook were written by practicing professionals. They include sufficient background material and references to the current literature to allow readers to learn enough about a specialty within astronomy, astrophysics and cosmology to get started on their own practical research projects. In the spirit of the series Stars and Stellar Systems published by Chicago University Press in the 1960s and 1970s, each chapter of Planets, Stars and Stellar Systems can stand on its own as a fundamental review of its respective sub-discipline, and each volume can be used as a textbook or recommended reference work for advanced undergraduate or postgraduate courses. Advanced students and professional astronomers in their roles as both lecturers and researchers will welcome Planets, Stars and Stellar Systems as a comprehensive and pedagogical reference work on astronomy, astrophysics and cosmology.
• Titolo autorizzato: Planets, Stars and Stellar Systems
• ISBN: 94-007-5612-7
• Formato: Materiale a stampa
• Livello bibliografico: Monografia
• Lingua di pubblicazione: Inglese
• Record Nr.: 9910438113503321
• Lo trovi qui: Univ. Federico II
• Serie: Springer reference.