Financing nature-based solutions : exploring public, private, and blended finance models and case studies / / Robert C. Brears

• Autore: Brears Robert C.
• Pubblicazione: Cham, Switzerland : , : Palgrave Macmillan, , [2022]; ©2022
• Descrizione fisica: 1 online resource (288 pages)
• Disciplina: 333.7
• Soggetto topico: Environmental economics; Financial instruments
• Nota di bibliografia: Includes bibliographical references and index.
• Nota di contenuto: Intro -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- List of Tables -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Introduction -- References -- 2 Nature-Based Solutions -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Societal Challenges -- 2.2.1 Climate Change -- 2.2.2 Population Growth and Rapid Urbanisation -- 2.2.3 Increased Food Demand -- 2.2.4 Rising Demand for Water and Deteriorating Water Quality -- 2.2.5 Economic Growth -- 2.2.6 Biodiversity Loss -- 2.2.7 Natural Disasters -- 2.3 Nature-Based Solutions -- 2.3.1 Ecosystem Services -- 2.3.2 Multifunctionality -- 2.3.3 Nature-Based Solutions Meeting Wider Development Goals -- 2.3.4 Typology of Nature-Based Solutions -- 2.3.5 Implementation of Nature-Based Solutions -- 2.4 Multiple Co-Benefits of Applying Nature-Based Solutions -- References -- 3 Financing Nature-Based Solutions -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Current Financing Levels of Nature-Based Solutions -- 3.2.1 Future Investment Needs in Nature-Based Solutions -- 3.3 Financing Nature-Based Solutions -- 3.4 Sources of Finance -- 3.4.1 International Public Financial Sources -- 3.4.1.1 Multilateral Development Banks -- 3.4.1.2 Bilateral Development Finance Institutions -- 3.4.2 Domestic Public Sources -- 3.4.3 Private Finance Sources -- 3.4.3.1 Institutional Investors -- 3.4.3.2 Environmental Corporate Social Responsibility -- 3.4.4 Blended Finance Sources -- 3.4.4.1 Types of Additionalities -- 3.4.4.2 Actors and Financial Instruments -- 3.4.4.3 Intermediaries -- 3.4.4.4 Principles for Blended Finance -- 3.5 Financing Instruments -- 3.5.1 Combination of Financing Instruments -- 3.6 Barriers to Financing Nature-Based Solutions -- 3.7 Role of Governments in Removing Barriers to Financing Nature-Based Solutions -- 3.8 Benefits to the Private Sector in Participating in Nature-Based Solutions -- References -- 4 Debt-for-Nature Swaps Financing Nature-Based Solutions -- 4.1 Introduction. ; 4.2 Debt Swap -- 4.3 Debt-for-Nature Swaps -- 4.4 Bilateral Swaps Versus Trilateral Swaps -- 4.4.1 Bilateral Swaps -- 4.4.2 Trilateral Swaps -- 4.5 Key Actors and Motivations -- 4.5.1 Benefits to Actors -- 4.6 Debt-for-Nature Swap Agreements -- 4.7 Establishing a Conservation Trust Fund -- 4.7.1 Governance and Management of Conservation Trust Funds -- 4.7.2 Conservation Trust Fund Disbursement Instruments -- 4.8 Monitoring and Evaluation of Debt-for-Nature Swaps -- References -- 5 Market-Based Instruments Financing Nature-Based Solutions -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Market-Based Instruments -- 5.3 Environmental Taxes and Charges -- 5.3.1 Environmental Tax Credits -- 5.3.2 Designing Environmental Taxes and Charges -- 5.4 Subsidies -- 5.4.1 Technical Assistance Grants -- 5.4.2 Benefits of Subsidies -- 5.4.3 Principles for Environmentally Friendly Subsidies -- 5.5 Tradable Permits -- 5.5.1 Water Quality Trading -- 5.5.1.1 Types of Water Quality Trading -- 5.5.1.2 Benefits of Water Quality Trading Programmes -- 5.5.2 Stormwater Credit Trading -- 5.5.3 Tradable Development Rights -- 5.5.3.1 Market Activity of Tradable Development Rights Programmes -- 5.5.3.2 Benefits of Tradable Development Rights -- 5.5.3.3 Monitoring and Enforcement of Tradable Development Rights Programmes -- 5.5.3.4 Conservation Easements -- 5.6 Choice of Market-Based Instruments -- References -- 6 Green Bonds, Loans, Credit Lines, and Microfinance Financing Nature-Based Solutions -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Green Bonds -- 6.2.1 Benefits to Issuers and Investors -- 6.2.2 Green Bonds Financing Nature-Based Solutions -- 6.2.3 Green Bond Principles -- 6.2.4 Climate Bonds Standard and Certification Scheme -- 6.2.4.1 Agriculture -- 6.2.4.2 Forestry -- 6.2.4.3 Water -- 6.3 Green City Bonds -- 6.4 Environmental Impact Bonds -- 6.5 Green Loans -- 6.5.1 Environmental Benefits of Green Loans. ; 6.5.2 Principles for Developing and Implementing Green Loans -- 6.6 Green Credit Lines -- 6.7 Green Microfinance -- 6.7.1 Assessment Process for Green Microfinance -- References -- 7 Payments for Ecosystem Services Financing Nature-Based Solutions -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Payments for Ecosystem Services -- 7.2.1 Opportunities for Payments for Ecosystem Services Schemes -- 7.3 Payments for Ecosystem Services Actors -- 7.3.1 Buyers -- 7.3.2 Sellers -- 7.3.3 Intermediaries -- 7.4 Transaction Costs -- 7.5 Payments -- 7.5.1 Other Payment Types -- 7.5.2 Auctions -- 7.6 Contract Types -- 7.7 Private Versus Public Schemes -- 7.8 Considerations to Increase Effectiveness and Efficiency -- 7.9 Designing and Implementing a Payments for Ecosystem Services Scheme -- 7.10 Examples of Payments for Ecosystem Services Schemes -- 7.10.1 Payments for Forest Ecosystem Services -- 7.10.2 Payments for Watershed Services -- 7.10.3 Payments for Bundled and Layered Services -- References -- 8 Biodiversity Offsets Financing Nature-Based Solutions -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Biodiversity Offsets -- 8.2.1 Restoration and Preservation -- 8.2.2 Biodiversity Offset Currency -- 8.2.3 Mitigation Hierarchy -- 8.2.3.1 Environmental Impact Assessment -- 8.2.3.2 Environmental Impact Assessments Incorporating Ecosystem Services -- 8.3 Biodiversity Offset Principles -- 8.4 Voluntary or Regulatory Biodiversity Offsets -- 8.5 Regulatory-Required Biodiversity Offsets -- 8.5.1 Developer-Initiated Offset Implementation -- 8.5.2 In-Lieu Fees -- 8.5.3 Market Mechanisms -- 8.5.4 Conservation Banks -- 8.5.5 Biodiversity Offset Aggregation -- 8.6 Biodiversity Offset Project Framework -- References -- 9 Public-Private Partnerships Financing Nature-Based Solutions -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Public-Private Partnerships -- 9.2.1 Partners -- 9.2.2 Public-Private Partnership Models. ; 9.3 Other Public-Private Partnership Approaches -- 9.3.1 Local Regeneration Approach -- 9.3.2 Policy Approach -- 9.3.3 Development Approach -- 9.3.4 Governance Approach -- 9.4 Risks and Public-Private Partnerships -- 9.5 Success Factors of Public-Private Partnerships -- 9.6 Public-Private Partnerships and the Sustainable Development Goals -- 9.7 Governing Public-Private Partnerships -- 9.8 Public-Private Partnership Lifecycle -- 9.9 Financing Public-Private Partnerships -- 9.10 Long-Term Performance Monitoring -- 9.11 Application of Public-Private Partnerships in Nature-Based Solutions -- References -- 10 Voluntary Carbon Offsets Financing Nature-Based Solutions -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Carbon Sequestration -- 10.2.1 Ecosystem-Based Mitigation -- 10.3 Voluntary Carbon Markets -- 10.3.1 Carbon Offset Projects -- 10.3.2 Buying and Selling Offset Credits -- 10.3.3 Pricing of Carbon Offset Credits -- 10.3.4 Framework for Designing and Developing a Carbon Offset Project -- 10.4 Voluntary Carbon Offset Standards -- 10.4.1 Verified Carbon Standard -- 10.4.2 Gold Standard -- 10.4.3 Plan Vivo -- 10.4.4 American Carbon Registry -- 10.5 Voluntary Carbon Offset Project Types -- 10.5.1 Forestry -- 10.5.2 Agricultural -- 10.5.3 Blue Carbon -- 10.6 Corporate Carbon Neutrality -- References -- 11 Extended Case Studies of Financing Nature-Based Solutions -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Case: Restoration: Wendling Beck Exemplar Project -- 11.3 Case: Restoration: Mobilising Finance for Forests Programme -- 11.4 Case: Issue-Specific: Building Resilience of Communities Through an Ecosystem-Based Approach in Namibia -- 11.5 Case: Issue-Specific: Nature for Climate Peatland Grant Scheme -- 11.6 Case: Infrastructure: New York City Department of Environmental Protection's Green Infrastructure Grant Program. ; 11.7 Case: Infrastructure: State of Virginia's First Environmental Impact Bond -- 11.8 Case: Management: Channel Payments for Ecosystem Services -- 11.9 Case: Management: Thames Water's Smart Water Catchments Programme -- 11.10 Case: Protection: Caribbean Challenge Initiative Conserving and Protecting the Marine and Coastal Environment -- 11.11 Case: Protection: BirdLife's Fiscal Benefits Project Developed into a Tax Incentive in South Africa -- References -- 12 Best Practices and Conclusion -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Debt-for-Nature Swaps -- 12.3 Market-Based Instruments -- 12.4 Green Debt Financing -- 12.5 Payments for Ecosystem Services -- 12.6 Biodiversity Offsets -- 12.7 Public-Private Partnerships -- 12.8 Voluntary Carbon Markets -- 12.9 Conclusion -- Index.
• Titolo autorizzato: Financing Nature-Based Solutions
• ISBN: 9783030933258; 9783030933241
• Formato: Materiale a stampa
• Livello bibliografico: Monografia
• Lingua di pubblicazione: Inglese
• Record Nr.: 9910523721903321
• Lo trovi qui: Univ. Federico II
• Serie: Palgrave studies in impact finance.