Planets, Stars and Stellar Systems [[electronic resource] ] : Volume 6: Extragalactic Astronomy and Cosmology / / edited by William C. Keel

• Pubblicazione: Dordrecht : , : Springer Netherlands : , : Imprint : Springer, , 2013
• Edizione: 1st ed. 2013.
• Descrizione fisica: 1 online resource (314 illus. eReference.)
• Disciplina: 523.1
• Soggetto topico: Cosmology; Astrophysics; Observations, Astronomical; Astronomy - Observations; Space sciences; Astrophysics and Astroparticles; Astronomy, Observations and Techniques; Space Sciences (including Extraterrestrial Physics, Space Exploration and Astronautics)
• Persona (resp. second.): KeelWilliam C
• Note generali: Bibliographic Level Mode of Issuance: Monograph
• Nota di contenuto: Intro -- Planets, Stars and Stellar Systems -- Extragalactic Astronomy and Cosmology -- Series Preface -- Preface to Volume 6 -- Editor-in-Chief -- Volume Editor -- Table of Contents -- List of Contributors -- 1 GalaxyMorphology -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Overview -- 3 Galaxy Classification -- 4 A Continuum of Galactic Forms -- 5 Galaxy Types: Stage, Family, and Variety -- 5.1 Elliptical and Spheroidal Galaxies -- 5.2 S0 and Spiral Galaxies -- 5.3 Irregular Galaxies -- 6 Other Dimensions to Galaxy Morphology -- 6.1 Outer Rings and Pseudorings -- 6.2 Inner and Outer Lenses -- 6.3 Nuclear Rings and Bars -- 6.4 Spiral Arm Morphologies -- 6.5 Luminosity Effects -- 7 The Morphology of Galactic Bars and Ovals -- 8 Dust Morphologies -- 9 The Morphologies of Galactic Bulges -- 10 Effects of Interactions and Mergers -- 10.1 Normal Versus Catastrophic Rings -- 10.2 Environmental Effects on Star-Forming Disks -- 10.3 Interacting and Peculiar Galaxies -- 10.3.1 Tidal Tails, Arms, Bridges, and Streams -- 10.3.2 Dust-Lane Ellipticals -- 10.3.3 Shell/Ripple Galaxies -- 10.3.4 Ultraluminous Infrared Galaxies -- 10.4 Warps -- 10.5 The Morphology of Active Galaxies -- 10.6 The Morphology of Brightest Cluster Members -- 11 Star Formation Morphologies -- 11.1 Halpha Imaging -- 11.2 Ultraviolet Imaging -- 11.3 Atomic and Molecular Gas Morphology -- 12 Infrared Observations: Galactic Stellar Mass Morphology -- 13 Intermediate and High Redshift Galaxy Morphology -- 14 Giant Low-Surface-Brightness Galaxies -- 15 Galaxy Morphology in Color -- 15.1 Normal Galaxies -- 15.2 Dwarf Galaxies -- 15.2.1 dE, dS0, BCD, and cE Galaxies -- 15.2.2 Local Group Dwarf Spheroidals and Irregulars -- 15.2.3 Dwarf Spirals -- 15.3 Galaxy Zoo Project -- 15.4 Isolated Galaxies -- 15.5 Deep Field Color Imaging -- 16 Large-Scale Automated Galaxy Classification. ; 17 The Status and Future of Morphological Studies -- References -- 2 Elliptical and Disk Galaxy Structure and Modern Scaling Laws -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Early Beginnings -- 1.2 The Modern Galaxy -- 2 Elliptical Galaxy Light Profiles -- 2.1 Sérsic's Model -- 2.1.1 Dark Matter Halos -- 2.2 The Core-Seacutersic Model -- 2.2.1 Central Mass Deficits -- 2.3 Excess Nuclear Light -- 2.4 Excess Halo Light -- 3 Structure-Related Scaling Relations -- 3.1 Linear Relations -- 3.1.1 Luminosity-(Central Surface Brightness) Relation -- 3.1.2 Luminosity-Concentration Relation -- 3.1.3 Concentration-(Central Surface Brightness) Relation -- 3.2 Curved Relations -- 3.2.1 Luminosity-(Effective Surface Brightness) Relation -- 3.2.2 Size-Luminosity Relation -- 3.2.3 Size-Concentration Relation -- 3.2.4 Size-(Effective Surface Brightness) Relation -- 3.3 Broken Relations -- 3.3.1 Luminosity-(Central Surface Brightness) Relation -- An Alternate View -- 3.3.2 Luminosity-Color Relation -- 3.3.3 Dynamics -- 4 Disk Galaxy Light Profiles -- 4.1 The Bulge-Disk Decomposition -- 4.2 Dust and Inclination Corrections -- 4.3 Pseudobulges -- 4.3.1 Sacutersic Index -- 4.3.2 Rotation -- 4.3.3 Ages -- 4.3.4 Scaling Relations -- 4.4 Bulgeless Galaxies -- 4.5 Barred Galaxies -- 5 Summary -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 3 Star Formation in Galaxies -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Theoretical Background -- 2.1 Formalism -- 2.2 Conditions for Star Formation -- 2.2.1 Gravitational Instability -- 2.2.2 Shear Criterion -- 2.2.3 Formation of a Cold Phase -- 2.3 Galactic Influences on the Star Formation Rates -- 2.3.1 Free Fall -- 2.3.2 Hydrostatic Equilibrium -- 2.3.3 Gravitation Versus Dispersion -- 2.3.4 Self-regulated Star Formation -- 2.3.5 Cloud Collapse Versus Stellar Disruption -- 2.3.6 Cloud-Cloud Collisions -- 2.3.7 Physics of the ISM -- 2.3.8 Influence of the Spiral Arms?. ; 2.3.9 Galactic Influences on the SFR: A Tentative Summary -- 2.4 Starbursts and Peculiar Star Formation Regimes -- 3 Measuring Star Formation Rates -- 3.1 Proto-Stars, Young Stars and Stellar Remnants -- 3.2 Stellar Continuum -- 3.3 Recombination Emission Lines -- 3.3.1 Motivation and General Approach -- 3.3.2 Application to H alpha -- 3.3.3 Lyman alpha -- 3.4 The Role of Dust -- 3.4.1 Extinction Corrections from Recombination Lines -- 3.4.2 Extinction Corrections in the UV -- 3.4.3 Other Considerations on the Dust Attenuation -- 3.4.4 Far-Infrared Star Formation Rates -- 3.4.5 The Mixed Tracers -- 3.5 Other Spectral Diagnostics -- 3.5.1 [OII] 3,727aring Forbidden Line -- 3.5.2 [CII] 158 mu m Fine structure line -- 3.6 Radio Emission -- 3.7 X-Ray Luminosity -- 3.8 Additional Factors -- 3.8.1 The Effect of the Metallicity -- 3.8.2 Choice of the IMF -- 3.8.3 Effect of the Star Formation Micro-History -- 4 Star Formation Observed in Galaxies -- 4.1 Star Formation in the Local Galaxies -- 4.2 The Schmidt Laws -- 4.2.1 Preliminary Considerations: Many "Laws -- 4.2.2 Which Law Is Right? -- 4.2.3 Which Scale Is Right? -- 4.2.4 Schmidt Laws: Current Observational Status -- 4.2.5 Starbursts and the Schmidt Law -- 4.3 Observed Thresholds -- 4.4 Relations to the Stellar Content: The Specific Star Formation Rate -- 4.5 Star Formation History -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 4 The Cool ISM in Galaxies -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Neutral Hydrogen (HI) in Galaxies -- 2.1 The HI Physics and Observables -- 2.2 The Distribution of HI in Galaxies -- 2.3 The Warm and Cold ISM in Galaxies -- 3 Star Formation and the ISM -- 4 Accretion, Feedback and the Environment -- References -- 5 The Influence of Environment on Galaxy Evolution -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Galaxy Populations in Groups and Clusters -- 3 Interaction Types -- 3.1 Gravitational Interactions. ; 3.2 Hydrodynamical Interactions -- 4 Simulations -- 4.1 Spherical Galaxies -- 4.2 Disk Galaxies -- 5 The Multiphase ISM -- 5.1 Atomic Hydrogen -- 5.2 Molecular Hydrogen -- 5.3 Dust and Metallicity -- 5.4 Cosmic Ray Gas -- 6 Star Formation -- 7 The Global Picture -- 8 Resolved Multiwavelength Interaction Diagnostics -- 8.1 Environmental Effects in Nearby Galaxy Groups -- 8.2 Environmental Effects in Nearby Galaxy Clusters -- 8.2.1 Early Type Galaxies -- 8.2.2 Late Type Galaxies -- Coma Cluster -- Norma Cluster -- Abell 1367 -- Virgo Cluster -- 8.2.3 Dwarf Galaxies -- 8.3 A Holistic View on Ram Pressure Stripping -- 8.3.1 The Response of the Multiphase ISM and Star Formation to Ram Pressure -- 9 The Detailed Picture -- 10 A Local View on the Butcher-Oemler Effect -- 11 Conclusions and Outlook -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 6 Clusters of Galaxies -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 What Is a Cluster? -- 1.2 Historical Perspective -- 1.3 Overview -- 2 The Optical Properties of Clusters -- 2.1 The Density-Morphology Relation -- 2.2 The Color-Magnitude Relation -- 2.3 Spectroscopic Properties of Cluster Galaxies -- 2.4 The Fundamental Plane of Early-Type Galaxies -- 2.5 Galaxy Ecology -- 2.5.1 Galaxy Collisions -- 2.5.2 Dynamical Friction -- 2.5.3 Ram-Pressure Stripping -- 2.5.4 Strangulation -- 2.6 Evolution of Galaxy Clusters -- 2.6.1 Color Evolution -- 2.6.2 E+A Galaxies -- 2.6.3 Cluster Archaeology -- 2.6.4 The Luminosity Function -- 2.6.5 Morphology -- 2.6.6 Other Wavebands -- 2.7 The Relation of Clusters to Galaxy Groups -- 2.8 Intra-cluster Light -- 3 X-Ray Emission -- 3.1 The Physics of X-Ray Emission -- 3.1.1 Thermal Bremsstrahlung Emission -- 3.1.2 Bound-Bound Electron Transitions -- 3.1.3 Total Emissivity -- 3.2 The Baryon Content of Galaxy Clusters -- 3.2.1 Temperature and Density Profiles -- 3.2.2 The Entropy Distribution. ; 3.3 The Cooling Instability -- 3.3.1 Cooling Flows: Comparison to Observations -- 3.3.2 Resolution -- 3.4 The Sunyaev-Zeldovich Effect -- 4 Dark Matter -- 4.1 Galaxy Dynamics -- 4.2 Hydrostatic Equilibrium -- 4.3 Gravitational Lensing -- 4.4 Implications for Cosmology -- 5 The Formation of Clusters -- 6 Summary and the Future -- 6.1 Summary -- References -- 7 Active Galactic Nuclei -- 1 A Little History -- 2 Fundamental Properties of AGN -- 2.1 Overall Continuum Shape -- 2.2 Emission and Absorption Lines in the Optical - UV -- 2.3 Radio Emission and the Radio-Loud/Radio-Quiet Divide -- 2.3.1 Radio-Loud Versus Radio-Quiet: A True Bimodality? -- 2.3.2 Radio Morphology -- 2.4 Infrared Emission -- 2.5 X-Ray and Higher-Energy Emission -- 2.6 Variability -- 3 The Overall Structure: Unified Models -- 3.1 The Basic Scheme -- 3.2 Evidence for Type 1/Type 2 Unification -- 3.3 Blazars, Jets, and Unified Schemes for Radio-Loud AGN -- 4 Nuclear Black Holes and Accretion -- 4.1 Bondi Accretion -- 4.2 Disk Accretion -- 4.3 Disk Coronae and the 6.4keV Iron Line -- 5 Emission Line Regions -- 5.1 Reverberation Mapping -- 5.2 Physical Conditions in the BLR -- 5.3 Physical Conditions in the Narrow-Line Region -- 5.4 Photoionization -- 6 Nuclear Obscuration: Tori, Broad, and Narrow Absorption Lines -- 6.1 The Torus -- 6.2 Line Absorption -- 7 Jets and Lobes in Radio Loud AGN -- 7.1 Acceleration of Jets -- 7.2 Propagation and Dynamics of Jets at Larger Scales -- 7.3 Emission Mechanisms in Jets -- 8 Final Remarks -- References -- 8 The Large-Scale Structure of the Universe -- 1 Historical Background -- 2 The Two-Point Correlation Function -- 3 Angular Clustering -- 4 Real and Redshift Space Clustering -- 5 Galaxy Bias -- 6 The Dependence of Clustering on Galaxy Properties -- 6.1 Luminosity Dependence -- 6.2 Color and Spectral-Type Dependence. ; 6.3 Redshift Space Distortions.
• Sommario/riassunto: This is volume 6 of Planets, Stars and Stellar Systems, a six-volume compendium of modern astronomical research, covering subjects of key interest to the main fields of contemporary astronomy. This volume on “Extragalactic Astronomy and Cosmology” edited by William C. Keel presents accessible review chapters on Galaxy Morphology, Elliptical and Disk Galaxy Structure and Modern Scaling Laws, Star Formation in Galaxies, The Cool ISM in Galaxies, The Influence of Environment on Galaxy Evolution, Clusters of Galaxies, Active Galactic Nuclei, Large Scale Structure of the Universe, Distance Scale of the Universe, Galaxies in the Cosmological Context, Evolution of Active Galactic Nuclei, The Intergalactic Medium, and Cosmic Microwave Background. All chapters of the handbook were written by practicing professionals. They include sufficient background material and references to the current literature to allow readers to learn enough about a specialty within astronomy, astrophysics and cosmology to get started on their own practical research projects. In the spirit of the series Stars and Stellar Systems published by Chicago University Press in the 1960s and 1970s, each chapter of Planets, Stars and Stellar Systems can stand on its own as a fundamental review of its respective sub-discipline, and each volume can be used as a textbook or recommended reference work for advanced undergraduate or postgraduate courses. Advanced students and professional astronomers in their roles as both lecturers and researchers will welcome Planets, Stars and Stellar Systems as a comprehensive and pedagogical reference work on astronomy, astrophysics and cosmology.
• Titolo autorizzato: Planets, Stars and Stellar Systems
• ISBN: 94-007-5609-7
• Formato: Materiale a stampa
• Livello bibliografico: Monografia
• Lingua di pubblicazione: Inglese
• Record Nr.: 9910438113303321
• Lo trovi qui: Univ. Federico II