Plastics Flammability Handbook : Principles, Regulations, Testing, and Approval / / Jürgen Troitzsch, Edith Antonatus [eds.]

• Pubblicazione: Munich, : Hanser, , 2021; ©2021
• Edizione: 4th ed.
• Descrizione fisica: 1 online resource
• Soggetto topico: Plastics - Flammability
• Altri autori: TroitzschJürgen AntonatusEdith
• Nota di contenuto: Intro -- Preface to the Fourth Edition -- List of Contributors -- Contents -- Part I: Fundamentals -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Fire Prevention and Fires -- Jürgen Troitzsch -- 1.2 Fire Statistics -- Eric Guillaume -- 1.2.1 Introduction -- 1.2.2 Lessons Learned from Recent ISO Work on Fire Statistics -- 1.2.3 Current National Fire Statistics: Relevant Data on Specific Issues -- 1.2.3.1 Number of Fires -- 1.2.3.2 Number of Fire Fatalities -- 1.2.3.3 Number of Fire Injuries -- 1.2.3.4 Costs of Fire Losses -- 1.2.4 Future Developments -- 2 The Burning of Plastics -- Bernhard Schartel -- 2.1 Production of Volatile Fuel: Heating, Pyrolysis, Charring, Heat of Combustion -- 2.2 Decomposition of Polymers -- 2.3 Ignition and Smoldering -- 2.4 Steady Burning and Flame Spread -- 2.5 Fire Load and Fire Resistance -- 2.6 Conclusions -- 3 Flame Retardants and Flame-Retarded Plastics -- 3.1 Flame Retardants -- Manfred Döring, Lara Greiner, and Daniela Goedderz -- 3.1.1 Importance, Development, and Market -- 3.1.2 Mode of Action -- 3.1.2.1 Physical Action -- 3.1.2.2 Chemical Action -- 3.1.3 Important Flame Retardant Classes -- 3.1.3.1 Metal Hydroxides and Mineral Fillers -- 3.1.3.2 Halogenated Flame Retardants -- 3.1.3.3 Phosphorus-Containing Flame Retardants -- 3.1.3.4 Organic Radical-Forming Agents and N-, O- and S-Containing Synergists -- 3.1.3.5 Synergistic Flame Retardant Systems -- 3.1.3.6 Other Flame Retardants -- 3.1.4 Greener Alternatives to Common Flame Retardants -- 3.2 Flame-Retarded Plastics -- Rudolf Pfaendner -- 3.2.1 Introduction -- 3.2.2 Thermoplastics -- 3.2.2.1 Polypropylene -- 3.2.2.2 Polyethylene -- 3.2.2.3 Other Polyolefins -- 3.2.2.4 Polystyrenes -- 3.2.2.5 Styrene Copolymers -- 3.2.2.6 Polymethacrylates and Polyacrylates -- 3.2.2.7 Polyoxymethylene and Polyacetals -- 3.2.2.8 Polyamides -- 3.2.2.9 Polyesters. ; 3.2.2.10 Polycarbonate and Polycarbonate Blends -- 3.2.2.11 Polyurethanes -- 3.2.2.12 Polyvinylchloride -- 3.2.2.13 Other Halogenated Polymers -- 3.2.2.14 High-Performance Polymers -- 3.2.3 Thermosets -- 3.2.3.1 Epoxy Resins -- 3.2.3.2 Polyurethanes -- 3.2.3.3 Phenolic Formaldehyde Resins -- 3.2.3.4 Unsaturated Polyesters -- 3.2.4 Elastomers -- 4 Textiles -- A. Richard Horrocks and Baljinder K. Kandola -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.1.1 Burning Behavior of Textile Fibers and Fabrics -- 4.1.2 Effect of Fabric and Yarn Structures -- 4.2 Flammability Testing of Textiles -- 4.2.1 Regulations -- 4.2.2 Test Categorization -- 4.3 Flame-Retardant Textiles -- 4.3.1 Cellulosics -- 4.3.1.1 Flame-Retardant Cottons -- 4.3.1.2 Flame-Retardant Viscose -- 4.3.1.3 Flame-Retardant Cellulosic Blends -- 4.3.2 Flame-Retardant Wool and Blends -- 4.3.3 Flame-Retardant Synthetic Fibers -- 4.4 Inherently Flame-Retardant Synthetic Fibers -- 4.5 High Heat- and Flame-Resistant Synthetic Fibers and Textiles -- 4.6 Intumescent Applications to Textiles -- 5 Smoke Development and Suppression -- 5.1 Smoke Development and Measurement -- Eric Guillaume -- 5.1.1 Introduction -- 5.1.2 Smoke Generation -- 5.1.2.1 Definitions -- 5.1.2.2 Principles -- 5.1.2.3 Nucleation and Surface Growth -- 5.1.2.4 Coagulation and Agglomeration -- 5.1.2.5 Oxidation -- 5.1.2.6 Liquid Aerosols -- 5.1.3 Smoke Production from the Most Important Polymers -- 5.1.4 Smoke Measurement -- 5.1.4.1 Smoke Opacity -- 5.1.4.2 Other Smoke Parameters -- 5.1.5 Visibility Models -- 5.1.5.1 Definition of Visibility -- 5.1.5.2 Simplified Models (1950-1980) -- 5.1.5.3 Jin and Yamada Models -- 5.1.5.4 ISO 13571 Model -- 5.1.6 Fire Threat Related to Smoke -- 5.2 Smoke Suppressants -- Rudolf Pfaendner -- 5.2.1 Introduction -- 5.2.2 Smoke Suppressants for PVC -- 5.2.2.1 Molybdates -- 5.2.2.2 Stannates -- 5.2.2.3 Borates. ; 5.2.3 Smoke Suppressants in Combination with Halogenated Flame Retardants -- 5.2.4 Smoke Suppressants in Combination with Halogen-Free Flame Retardants -- 5.2.5 Summary and Outlook -- 6 Smoke and Toxicity from Fire Effluents -- Eric Guillaume -- 6.1 Preliminary Remarks -- 6.2 Acute Effects of Fire Effluents -- 6.2.1 Asphyxiants -- 6.2.2 Irritants -- 6.3 Sub-Acute Effects of Fire Effluents -- 6.4 Chronic Effects of Fire Effluents -- 6.5 Environmental Effects of Fire Effluents -- 6.6 Quantitative Risk Assessment of Fire Effluents -- 6.6.1 Introduction -- 6.6.2 Direct and Indirect Methods -- 6.6.2.1 Direct Methods -- 6.6.2.2 Indirect Methods -- 6.7 Generation of Fire Effluents: Physical Fire Models Used for Toxicity Testing -- 6.7.1 Introduction to Physical Fire Models -- 6.7.2 What is a Physical Fire Model? -- 6.7.3 Important Characteristics to be Reproduced by the Fire Model -- 6.7.3.1 Parameters Influencing the Nature and Proportion of Gas Release -- 6.7.3.2 Combustion Conditions -- 6.7.3.3 Thermal Conditions of Degradation and Equivalence Ratio -- 6.7.3.4 Parameters Influencing the Preparation for Analysis -- 6.7.3.5 Parameters Influencing the Scale Effects -- 6.7.3.6 Parameters Influencing the Quality of the Fire Model -- 6.8 Chemical Analysis of Fire Effluents -- 6.8.1 Gases of Interest -- 6.8.2 Sampling -- 6.8.2.1 From Fire Source to Analysis -- 6.8.2.2 Probes -- 6.8.2.3 Filters -- 6.8.2.4 Sampling Line -- 6.8.2.5 Pumping System -- 6.8.2.6 Sampling Conditions -- 6.8.2.7 Gas-Solution Absorbers -- 6.8.2.8 Solid Sorption Tubes -- 6.8.2.9 Gas Bags -- 6.8.3 Selection of Analytical Methods -- 6.8.4 Validation of Analytical Methods -- 6.8.4.1 Evaluation of a Method -- 6.8.4.2 Selectivity -- 6.8.4.3 Sensitivity -- 6.8.4.4 Concentration Ranges -- 6.8.4.5 Detection and Quantification Limits -- 6.8.4.6 Accuracy of the Method. ; 6.8.4.7 Repeatability and Reproducibility of the Method -- 7 Combustion Toxicology -- Jürgen Pauluhn -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Toxic Hazards -- 7.2.1 Inhalation Toxicity of HCN and CO -- 7.2.2 Inhalation Toxicity of CO2 -- 7.2.3 Respiratory Tract Irritants -- 7.3 Toxicological Risk Assessment -- 7.3.1 Definition of Uncertainty -- 7.3.2 Analysis of Time-Dose-Response Relationships -- 7.3.2.1 Asphyxiants -- 7.3.2.2 Irritants -- 7.4 Application of the Fractional Effective Dose (FED) Model -- 7.5 Conclusions -- Part II: National and International Fire Protection Regulations and Test Procedures -- 8 Regulations and Testing -- Edith Antonatus and Jürgen Troitzsch -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Sets of Regulations and Codes -- 8.2.1 Types and Basis -- 8.2.2 Application -- 8.2.3 The Role of Standards -- 8.3 Test Methods -- 8.3.1 Laboratory-Scale Tests -- 8.3.1.1 Test Specimens -- 8.3.1.2 Ignition Sources -- 8.3.1.3 Parameters Measured -- 8.3.2 Large-Scale Tests -- 9 International Standardization -- 9.1 Introduction -- Edith Antonatus -- 9.1.1 International Standardization -- 9.1.2 Regional Standardization -- 9.1.3 International and Regional Fire-Related Standards for Transportation -- 9.2 International Organization for Standardization (ISO) -- Björn Sundström -- 9.2.1 Introduction -- 9.2.2 Scope of ISO/TC 92 Fire-Related Activities -- 9.2.3 ISO/TC 92/SC1: Fire Initiation and Growth -- 9.2.3.1 General Use of Test Data and Fire Safety Engineering -- 9.2.3.2 Non-Combustibility -- 9.2.3.3 Ignition and Flame Spread -- 9.2.3.4 Heat Release and Smoke Production -- 9.2.3.5 Large-Scale -- 9.2.3.6 Calibration and Supporting Procedures -- 9.2.4 Future Developments -- 9.3 European Committee for Standardization (CEN) -- Edith Antonatus -- 9.3.1 Introduction -- 9.3.2 Development of Standards -- 9.3.3 Fire-Related Activities in Building -- 10 Building. ; 10.1 Introductory Remarks -- Edith Antonatus -- 10.1.1 Classification and Testing of Fire Performance of Building Materials and Components -- 10.1.1.1 Non-Combustible Materials -- 10.1.1.2 Combustible Materials - Laboratory Tests -- 10.1.1.3 Roofs -- 10.1.1.4 Large-Scale Tests -- 10.1.2 Official Approval -- 10.1.3 Present Situation and Future Developments -- 10.2 Americas -- Marc Janssens -- 10.2.1 United States of America -- 10.2.1.1 Statutory Regulations -- 10.2.1.2 Consensus Standards -- 10.2.1.3 Test Methods Referenced in U.S. Building and Fire Safety Codes -- 10.2.1.4 Summary of Small-Scale Ignition and Combustibility Tests -- 10.2.1.5 Summary of Small-Scale Reaction-to-Fire Tests -- 10.2.1.6 Summary of Intermediate and Large-Scale Reaction-to-Fire Tests -- 10.2.1.7 Summary of Fire Tests for Furnishings and Contents -- 10.2.1.8 Summary of Fire Resistance Tests -- 10.2.1.9 Summary of Exterior Fire Exposure Tests -- 10.2.1.10 Future Developments -- 10.2.2 Canada -- 10.2.2.1 Statutory Regulations -- 10.2.2.2 Testing of the Fire Performance of Building Materials and Components -- 10.2.2.3 Summary of Selected Material Flammability Tests Referenced in the NBCC -- 10.2.2.4 NBCC Fire Performance Requirements for Interior Finish Materials -- 10.2.2.5 Accredited Testing Laboratories -- 10.2.2.6 Future Developments -- 10.3 Europe -- 10.3.1 European Union -- Björn Sundström -- 10.3.1.1 Introduction -- 10.3.1.2 The Euroclasses: Classification Systems and Fire Tests -- 10.3.1.3 Future Developments -- 10.3.2 National Fire Regulations and Tests -- Edith Antonatus -- 10.3.2.1 Austria -- Dieter Werner -- 10.3.2.2 Belgium -- Bart Sette -- 10.3.2.3 France -- Eric Guillaume -- 10.3.2.4 Germany -- Edith Antonatus -- 10.3.2.5 Hungary -- István Móder, Imre Juhász -- 10.3.2.6 Italy -- Eleonora Anselmi -- 10.3.2.7 The Netherlands -- R. J. M. (Rudolf) van Mierlo. ; 10.3.2.8 Nordic Countries.
• Sommario/riassunto: Plastics flammability is a highly important consideration in many industries. This comprehensive handbook has been, since its first edition in 1983, unrivalled as the definitive source of information on the reaction of plastics to fire as well as on the relevant regulations and testing methods.
• Titolo autorizzato: Plastics Flammability Handbook
• ISBN: 9781523144983; 152314498X; 9781569907634; 1569907633
• Formato: Materiale a stampa
• Livello bibliografico: Monografia
• Lingua di pubblicazione: Inglese
• Record Nr.: 9911007112303321
• Lo trovi qui: Univ. Federico II