Ultra-low energy wireless sensor networks in practice : theory, realization and deployment / / Mauri Kuorilehto ... [et al.]

• Pubblicazione: Chichester, England ; , : John Wiley & Sons, , c2007; [Piscataqay, New Jersey] : , : IEEE Xplore, , [2007]
• Descrizione fisica: 1 online resource (398 p.)
• Disciplina: 681.2; 681/.2
• Soggetto topico: Sensor networks; Wireless LANs
• Altri autori: KuorilehtoMauri
• Note generali: Description based upon print version of record.
• Nota di bibliografia: Includes bibliographical references (p. [353]-368) and index.
• Nota di contenuto: -- Preface xiii -- List of Abbreviations xv -- PART I INTRODUCTION 1 -- 1 Introduction 3 -- 1.1 Overview of Wireless Technologies 3 -- 1.2 TUTWSN 5 -- 1.3 Contents of the Book 6 -- PART II DESIGN SPACE OF WSNS 7 -- 2 WSN Properties 9 -- 2.1 Characteristics of WSNs 9 -- 2.2 WSN Applications 11 -- 2.2.1 Commercial WSNs 12 -- 2.2.2 Research WSNs 14 -- 2.3 Requirements for WSNs 16 -- 3 Standards and Proposals 19 -- 3.1 Standards 19 -- 3.1.1 IEEE 1451 Standard 19 -- 3.1.2 IEEE 802.15 Standard 21 -- 3.2 Variations of Standards 28 -- 3.2.1 Wibree 28 -- 3.2.2 Z-Wave 28 -- 3.2.3 MiWi 28 -- 4 Sensor Node Platforms 29 -- 4.1 Platform Components 29 -- 4.1.1 Communication Subsystem 30 -- 4.1.2 Computing Subsystem 33 -- 4.1.3 Sensing Subsystem 33 -- 4.1.4 Power Subsystem 34 -- 4.2 Existing Platforms 36 -- 4.3 TUTWSN Platforms 39 -- 4.3.1 Temperature-sensing Platform 39 -- 4.3.2 SoC Node Prototype 43 -- 4.3.3 Ethernet Gateway Prototype 44 -- 4.4 Antenna Design 46 -- 4.4.1 Antenna Design Flow 46 -- 4.4.2 Planar Antenna Types 48 -- 4.4.3 Trade-Offs in Antenna Design 49 -- 5 Design of WSNs 51 -- 5.1 Design Dimensions 51 -- 5.2 WSN Design Flow 54 -- 5.3 Related Research on WSN Design 56 -- 5.3.1 WSN Design Methodologies 56 -- 5.4 WSN Evaluation Methods 60 -- 5.5 WSN Evaluation Tools 61 -- 5.5.1 Networking Oriented Simulators for WSN 61 -- 5.5.2 Sensor Node Simulators 62 -- 5.5.3 Analysis of Evaluation Tools 63 -- PART III WSN PROTOCOL STACK 67 -- 6 Protocol Stack Overview 69 -- 6.1 Outline of WSN Stack 69 -- 6.1.1 Physical Layer 70 -- 6.1.2 Data Link Layer 71 -- 6.1.3 Network Layer 71 -- 6.1.4 Transport Layer 71 -- 6.1.5 Application Layer 72 -- 7 MAC Protocols 73 -- 7.1 Requirements 73 -- 7.2 General MAC Approaches 75 -- 7.2.1 Contention Protocols 75 -- 7.2.2 Contention-free Protocols 77 -- 7.2.3 Multichannel Protocols 78 -- 7.3 WSN MAC Protocols 80 -- 7.3.1 Synchronized Low Duty-cycle Protocols 80 -- 7.3.2 Unsynchronized Low Duty-cycle Protocols 85 -- 7.3.3 Wake-up Radio Protocols 87. ; 7.3.4 Summary 88 -- 8 Routing Protocols 91 -- 8.1 Requirements 91 -- 8.2 Classifications 92 -- 8.3 Operation Principles 93 -- 8.3.1 Nodecentric Routing 93 -- 8.3.2 Data-centric Routing 94 -- 8.3.3 Location-based Routing 95 -- 8.3.4 Multipath Routing 97 -- 8.3.5 Negotiation-based Routing 97 -- 8.3.6 Query-based Routing 98 -- 8.3.7 Cost Field-based Routing 99 -- 8.4 Summary 101 -- 9 Middleware and Application Layer 103 -- 9.1 Motivation and Requirements 103 -- 9.2 WSN Middleware Approaches 105 -- 9.3 WSN Middleware Proposals 106 -- 9.3.1 Interfaces 106 -- 9.3.2 Virtual Machines 107 -- 9.3.3 Database Middlewares 107 -- 9.3.4 Mobile Agent Middlewares 108 -- 9.3.5 Application-driven Middlewares 108 -- 9.3.6 Programming Abstractions 109 -- 9.3.7 WSN Middleware Analysis 110 -- 10 Operating Systems 115 -- 10.1 Motivation and Requirements 115 -- 10.1.1 OS Services and Requirements 116 -- 10.1.2 Implementation Approaches 117 -- 10.2 Existing OSs 119 -- 10.2.1 Event-handler OSs 120 -- 10.2.2 Preemptive Multithreading OSs 121 -- 10.2.3 Analysis 121 -- 11 QoS Issues in WSN 125 -- 11.1 Traditional QoS 125 -- 11.2 Unique Requirements in WSNs 125 -- 11.3 Parameters Defining WSN QoS 126 -- 11.4 QoS Support in Protocol Layers 128 -- 11.4.1 Application Layer 128 -- 11.4.2 Transport Layer 128 -- 11.4.3 Network Layer 129 -- 11.4.4 Data Link Layer 130 -- 11.4.5 Physical Layer 131 -- 11.5 Summary 131 -- 12 Security in WSNs 133 -- 12.1 WSN Security Threats and Countermeasures 133 -- 12.1.1 Passive Attacks 134 -- 12.1.2 Active Attacks 134 -- 12.2 Security Architectures for WSNs 135 -- 12.2.1 TinySec 135 -- 12.2.2 SPINS 136 -- 12.2.3 IEEE 802.15.4 Security 136 -- 12.2.4 ZigBee Security 137 -- 12.2.5 Bluetooth Security 139 -- 12.3 Key Distribution in WSNs 140 -- 12.3.1 Public-key Cryptography 140 -- 12.3.2 Pre-distributed Keys 140 -- 12.3.3 Centralized Key Distribution 141 -- 12.4 Summary of WSN Security Considerations 142 -- PART IV TUTWSN 143 -- 13 TUTWSN MAC Protocol 145 -- 13.1 Network Topology 145. ; 13.2 Channel Access 147 -- 13.3 Frequency Division 149 -- 13.4 Advanced Mobility Support 152 -- 13.4.1 Proactive Distribution of Neighbor Information 153 -- 13.4.2 Neighbor-discovery Algorithm 154 -- 13.4.3 Measured Performance of ENDP Protocol 158 -- 13.5 Advanced Support for Bursty Traffic 159 -- 13.5.1 Slot Reservations within a Superframe 160 -- 13.5.2 On-demand Slot Reservation 161 -- 13.5.3 Traffic-adaptive Slot Reservation 161 -- 13.5.4 Performance Analysis 162 -- 13.6 TUTWSN MAC Optimization 165 -- 13.6.1 Reducing Radio Requirements 165 -- 13.6.2 Network Beacon Rate Optimization 170 -- 13.7 TUTWSN MAC Implementation 179 -- 13.8 Measured Performance of TUTWSN MAC 180 -- 14 TUTWSN Routing Protocol 183 -- 14.1 Design and Implementation 183 -- 14.2 Related Work 183 -- 14.3 Cost-Aware Routing 184 -- 14.3.1 Sink-initiated Route Establishment 185 -- 14.3.2 Node-initiated Route Discovery 185 -- 14.3.3 Traffic Classification 186 -- 14.4 Implementation 187 -- 14.4.1 Protocol Architecture 187 -- 14.4.2 Implementation on TUTWSN MAC 188 -- 14.5 Measurement Results 188 -- 14.5.1 Network Parameter Configuration 189 -- 14.5.2 Network Build-up Time 189 -- 14.5.3 Distribution of Traffic 190 -- 14.5.4 End-to-end Delays 192 -- 15 TUTWSN API 193 -- 15.1 Design of TUTWSN API 194 -- 15.1.1 Gateway API 194 -- 15.1.2 Node API 196 -- 15.2 TUTWSN API Implementation 197 -- 15.2.1 Gateway API 198 -- 15.2.2 Node API 198 -- 15.3 TUTWSN API Evaluation 200 -- 15.3.1 Ease of Use 200 -- 15.3.2 Resource Consumption 200 -- 15.3.3 Operational Performance 201 -- 16 TUTWSN SensorOS 203 -- 16.1 SensorOS Design 203 -- 16.1.1 SensorOS Architecture 204 -- 16.1.2 OS Components 204 -- 16.2 SensorOS Implementation 206 -- 16.2.1 HAL Implementation 206 -- 16.2.2 Component Implementation 207 -- 16.3 SensorOS Performance Evaluation 210 -- 16.3.1 Resource Usage 210 -- 16.3.2 Context Switch Performance 210 -- 16.4 Lightweight Kernel Configuration 211 -- 16.4.1 Lightweight OS Architecture and Implementation 211. ; 16.4.2 Performance Evaluation 212 -- 16.5 SensorOS Bootloader Service 213 -- 16.5.1 SensorOS Bootloader Design Principles 213 -- 16.5.2 Bootloader Implementation 213 -- 17 Cross-layer Issues in TUTWSN 217 -- 17.1 Cross-layer Node Configuration 217 -- 17.1.1 Application Layer 219 -- 17.1.2 Routing Layer 219 -- 17.1.3 MAC Layer 219 -- 17.1.4 Physical Layer 220 -- 17.1.5 Configuration Examples 220 -- 17.2 Piggybacking Data 223 -- 17.3 Self-configuration with Cross-layer Information 224 -- 17.3.1 Frequency and TDMA Selection 224 -- 17.3.2 Connectivity Maintenance 224 -- 17.3.3 Role Selection 225 -- 18 Protocol Analysis Models 227 -- 18.1 PHY Power Analysis 227 -- 18.2 Radio Energy Models 229 -- 18.2.1 TUTWSN Radio Energy Models 230 -- 18.2.2 ZigBee Radio Energy Models 232 -- 18.3 Contention Models 234 -- 18.3.1 TUTWSN Contention Models 234 -- 18.3.2 ZigBee Contention Models 235 -- 18.4 Node Operation Models 238 -- 18.4.1 TUTWSN Throughput Models 238 -- 18.4.2 ZigBee Throughput Models 239 -- 18.4.3 TUTWSN Power Consumption Models 240 -- 18.4.4 ZigBee Power Consumption Models 243 -- 18.5 Summary 245 -- 19 WISENES Design and Evaluation Environment 247 -- 19.1 Features 247 -- 19.2 WSN Design with WISENES 248 -- 19.3 WISENES Framework 249 -- 19.3.1 Short Introduction to SDL 251 -- 19.3.2 WISENES Instantiation 252 -- 19.3.3 Central Simulation Control 253 -- 19.3.4 Transmission Medium 253 -- 19.3.5 Sensing Channel 254 -- 19.3.6 Sensor Node 254 -- 19.4 Existing WISENES Designs 256 -- 19.4.1 TUTWSN Stack 258 -- 19.4.2 ZigBee Stack 260 -- 19.5 WISENES Simulation Results 263 -- 19.5.1 Simulated Node Platforms 264 -- 19.5.2 Accuracy of Simulation Results 266 -- 19.5.3 Protocol Comparison Simulations 268 -- PART V DEPLOYMENT 277 -- 20 TUTWSN Deployments 279 -- 20.1 TUTWSN Deployment Architecture 280 -- 20.1.1 WSN Server 281 -- 20.1.2 WSN and Gateway 282 -- 20.1.3 Database 282 -- 20.1.4 User Interfaces 282 -- 20.2 Network Self-diagnostics 283 -- 20.2.1 Problem Statement 283 -- 20.2.2 Implementation 284. ; 20.3 Security Experiments 290 -- 20.3.1 Experimental KDC-based Key Distribution and Authentication Scheme 291 -- 20.3.2 Implementation Experiments 291 -- 21 Sensing Applications 293 -- 21.1 Linear-position Metering 293 -- 21.1.1 Problem Statement 293 -- 21.1.2 Implementation 294 -- 21.1.3 Results 296 -- 21.2 Indoor-temperature Sensing 297 -- 21.2.1 WSN Node Design 298 -- 21.2.2 Results 298 -- 21.3 Environmental Monitoring 300 -- 21.3.1 Problem Statement 300 -- 21.3.2 Implementation 300 -- 21.3.3 Results 306 -- 22 Transfer Applications 313 -- 22.1 TCP/IP for TUTWSN 313 -- 22.1.1 Problem Statement 313 -- 22.1.2 Implementation 314 -- 22.1.3 Results 316 -- 22.2 Realtime High-performance WSN 318 -- 22.2.1 Problem Statement 318 -- 22.2.2 Implementation 318 -- 22.2.3 Results 324 -- 23 Tracking Applications 327 -- 23.1 Surveillance System 327 -- 23.1.1 Problem Statement 328 -- 23.1.2 Surveillance WSN Design 328 -- 23.1.3 WSN Prototype Implementation 331 -- 23.1.4 Surveillance WSN Implementation on TUTWSN Prototypes 332 -- 23.2 Indoor Positioning 334 -- 23.2.1 Problem Statement 335 -- 23.2.2 Implementation 335 -- 23.3 Team Game Management 342 -- 23.3.1 Problem Statement 343 -- 23.3.2 Implementation 343 -- 23.3.3 Example Application Scenario 345 -- PART VI CONCLUSIONS 349 -- 24 Conclusions 351 -- References 353 -- Index 369.
• Sommario/riassunto: Finally a book on Wireless Sensor Networks that covers real world applications and contains practical advice! Kuorilehto et al. have written the first practical guide to wireless sensor networks. The authors draw on their experience in the development and field-testing of autonomous wireless sensor networks (WSNs) to offer a comprehensive reference on fundamentals, practical matters, limitations and solutions of this fast moving research area. Ultra Low Energy Wireless Sensor Networks in Practice: . Explains the essential problems and issues in real wireless sensor networks, and analyzes the most promising solutions. . Provides a comprehensive guide to applications, functionality, protocols, and algorithms for WSNs. . Offers practical experiences from new applications and their field-testing, including several deployed networks. . Includes simulations and physical measurements for energy consumption, bit rate, latency, memory, and lifetime. . Covers embedded resource-limited operating systems, middleware and application software. Ultra Low Energy Wireless Sensor Networks in Practice will prove essential reading for Research Scientists, advanced students in Networking, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science as well as Product Managers and Design Engineers.
• Titolo autorizzato: Ultra-low energy wireless sensor networks in practice
• ISBN: 1-281-31821-3; 9786611318215; 0-470-51680-1; 0-470-51679-8
• Formato: Materiale a stampa
• Livello bibliografico: Monografia
• Lingua di pubblicazione: Inglese
• Record Nr.: 9910830787403321
• Lo trovi qui: Univ. Federico II