Clinical Nutrition

• Autore: Elia Marinos
• Pubblicazione: Chicester : , : John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, , 2013; ©2013
• Edizione: 2nd ed.
• Descrizione fisica: 1 online resource (542 pages)
• Disciplina: 615.854
• Soggetto topico: Nutrition Therapy
• Soggetto genere / forma: Electronic books.
• Altri autori: LjungqvistOlle StrattonRebecca J Lanham-NewSusan A DowsettJulie
• Nota di contenuto: Intro -- Clinical Nutrition -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- Series Foreword -- Preface -- First Edition Acknowledgements -- 1 Principles of Clinical Nutrition: Contrasting the Practice of Nutrition in Health and Disease -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 The spectrum of nutritional problems -- 1.3 Nutritional requirements -- Effect of disease and nutritional status -- Metabolic blocks and nutritional requirements -- Effect of the route of feeding on nutrient requirements -- Effect of the phase of disease on nutritional requirements -- Feeding schedules -- Structure and function -- 1.4 Management pathways -- 1.5 Concluding remarks -- References and further reading -- 2 Nutritional Screening and Assessment -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Nutritional screening -- 2.3 Nutritional assessment -- Clinical history -- Dietary history -- Clinical examination -- 2.4 Concluding remarks -- References and further reading -- 3 Water and Electrolytes -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Fluid compartments of the body -- 3.3 Flux of fluid through the kidney and gastrointestinal tract -- 3.4 Body electrolyte content and concentration -- Fluid shifts between ECF and ICF compartments -- 3.5 Regulation of body water compartments -- Control of body fluid osmolality -- Control of effective circulatory volume -- Thirst regulation and water balance -- Thirst stimulated by plasma osmolarity and sodium concentration -- Thirst stimulated by hypovolaemia -- 3.6 The metabolic response to starvation and injury -- Starvation -- Injury -- 3.7 Body water compartments and electrolytes in starvation and injury -- Extracellular fluid -- Intracellular fluid -- Interstitial fluid -- 3.8 Effects of salt and water overload -- Gastrointestinal function -- Renal function -- Low serum albumin concentrations -- 3.9 Fluid therapy: practical aspects -- Assessment -- Treatment -- Resuscitation. ; Maintenance fluid -- Fluid therapy for ongoing losses -- 3.10 Goal-directed fluid therapy -- 3.11 Implications of water and sodium metabolism in nutrition therapy for specific clinical conditions -- Diarrhoeal illness -- Congestive heart failure and cirrhosis -- Stroke, dysphagia, and the elderly -- 3.12 Concluding remarks -- References and further reading -- 4 Over-nutrition -- 4.1 Introduction -- Definitions and classification -- The scale of the problem -- Economic impact and global burden -- 4.2 Aetiology -- The energy-balance equation -- Genetic factors -- Endocrine disorders -- Environmental factors -- Psychosocial influences -- Miscellaneous causes -- 4.3 Clinical presentation -- Body composition -- Fat distribution -- Comorbidities -- 4.4 Clinical assessment -- 4.5 Treatment approaches -- General principles -- Lifestyle changes -- Dietary management -- Physical activity -- Pharmacotherapy -- Bariatric surgery -- Other options -- 4.6 Prevention -- Childhood obesity -- Initiatives in key settings -- 4.7 Concluding remarks -- Acknowledgements -- References and further reading -- Web sites of interest -- 5 Under-nutrition -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Pathophysiology of under-nutrition -- Body composition -- Energy metabolism -- Protein metabolism -- Hormonal mediators -- Immune function in under-nutrition -- 5.3 Pathophysiology of under-nutrition complicated by stress -- Energy metabolism -- Protein metabolism -- Hormonal mediators -- 5.4 Chronic under-nutrition -- 5.5 Under-nutrition in the elderly -- 5.6 Severe acute malnutrition in children -- 5.7 Assessment of under-nutrition -- 5.8 Treatment -- Assessment of energy and protein requirements -- Requirements for other nutrients -- 5.9 Potential problems with nutritional supplementation in under-nutrition -- Refeeding syndrome -- Nutritional supplementation in chronic under-nutrition. ; 5.10 Prevention -- 5.11 Concluding remarks -- References and further reading -- 6 Metabolic Disorders -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Energy intake, health and longevity -- 6.3 The metabolic syndrome -- 6.4 Pathophysiology of insulin resistance -- 6.5 Insulin resistance -- 6.6 The role of affluence in diabetes, dyslipidaemia, and essential hypertension -- Type 2 diabetes mellitus -- Insulin resistance and dyslipidaemia -- Dietary management of the metabolic syndrome -- Insulin resistance and hypertension -- 6.7 Alcohol -- Alcohol and body weight -- Alcohol and blood lipids -- Alcohol and glucose metabolism -- Alcohol and blood pressure -- 6.8 Concluding remarks -- References and further reading -- 7 Eating Disorders -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Classification and features -- Anorexia nervosa -- Bulimia nervosa -- EDNOS and binge-eating disorder -- 7.3 History -- 7.4 Aetiology -- 7.5 Incidence and prevalence -- Anorexia nervosa -- Bulimia nervosa -- EDNOS and binge-eating disorder -- 7.6 Medical complications of eating disorders -- Starvation and low weight -- Compensatory behaviours -- Binge eating -- 7.7 Nutritional problems in eating disorders -- Appetite regulation in eating disorders -- Nutritional impact of starvation and low weight -- Compensatory behaviours -- Binge eating -- 7.8 Nutritional management of eating disorders -- Restoring appetite regulation -- Weight recovery -- Compensatory behaviours -- Binge eating -- 7.9 Concluding remarks -- Acknowledgements -- References and further reading -- 8 Adverse Reactions to Foods -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Food intolerance -- 8.3 Food allergy -- 8.4 Types of food allergy -- 8.5 Patterns of food-allergic responses -- Quick-onset symptoms -- Late-onset symptoms -- 8.6 Diagnostic criteria for food allergy -- 8.7 Food-sensitive enteropathy -- 8.8 Specific food allergies -- Cow's milk -- Soya -- Egg -- Wheat. ; Peanuts -- 8.9 Multiple-food allergy -- 8.10 Scientific background: the basic mechanisms of immune response to dietary antigen -- Innate immunity and the importance of evolutionary heritage -- Lymphocytes may differentiate within the intestine and not the thymus -- Antigen presentation by the epithelium -- Distribution of T cells within the intestine -- The TH1/TH2/TH17 paradigm of T-cell responses and infectious exposures -- Control of B-cell responses, and the importance of mucosal IgA production -- Skewing of B cells towards IgE -- Mast cells and eosinophils in food allergies -- Oral tolerance to dietary antigens -- 8.11 Concluding remarks -- References and further reading -- 9 Nutritional Support -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Meeting nutritional needs -- 9.3 Oral feeding and oral nutritional supplements -- 9.4 Enteral tube feeding -- Feeding routes -- Post-pyloric feeding -- Complications of enteral feeding -- Physical characteristics of enteral feeding tubes -- Enteral feeding solutions -- Feeding rate -- Monitoring and complications of enteral nutrition -- 9.5 Administration of drugs and enteral feeding -- Controlled-release products -- Cytotoxic drugs -- Hormonal drugs -- Alternative routes of delivery -- Adding drugs to the formula -- 9.6 Parenteral nutrition -- Catheter access -- Parenteral nutrition solutions -- Monitoring and complications of parenteral nutrition -- 9.7 Special considerations with nutritional support -- Clinical nutrition at home -- Complications of clinical nutrition -- Nutrition support team -- 9.8 Concluding remarks -- Immunonutrition -- Acknowledgements -- References and further reading -- Background clinical nutrition -- Access -- Disease specific nutrition -- Requirements -- Enteral nutrition -- Parenteral nutrition -- Useful web sites -- 10 Ethics and Nutrition -- 10.1 Introduction. ; 10.2 Brief history of medical ethics -- 10.3 Medical ethics: the four-principle approach -- 10.4 Definitions and ethical terms -- Oral nutrition and hydration: 'basic care' -- Artificial nutrition and hydration -- Consent and competence -- Advanced decisions/directives/proxies -- Time-limited trials of treatment -- Futility and the concept of net patient benefit -- 10.5 Application of ethical principles to artificial nutritional support: clinical scenarios -- Stroke -- Dementia -- Wasting disorders: cancer and terminal illness -- Persistent vegetative states: withdrawing and withholding nutritional support -- Malnutrition in the hospitalised patient -- 10.6 Ethical conflict -- 10.7 Clinical guidelines in ethical care -- 10.8 Concluding remarks -- References and further reading -- 11 The Gastrointestinal Tract -- 11.1 Introduction -- Dysphagia -- Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease -- Cancer of the oesophagus and stomach -- Short-bowel syndrome -- 11.2 Coeliac disease -- Epidemiology -- Pathogenesis -- Magnitude of the problem: the spectrum of gluten sensitivity -- Diagnosis and screening -- Treatment -- Therapeutic failure -- 11.3 Tropical enteropathy and tropical sprue -- Concept and epidemiology -- Pathology and clinical relevance -- Pathogenesis -- Treatment -- 11.4 Inflammatory bowel disease -- Definition -- Epidemiology -- Pathogenesis -- Clinical features and diagnosis -- Treatment -- Malnutrition in IBD -- Pathogenesis of malnutrition in IBD -- Micronutrient deficiencies in IBD -- Consequences of impaired nutrition in IBD -- Nutritional support in IBD -- 11.5 Irritable bowel syndrome and diverticular disease -- Definition -- Epidemiology -- Pathogenesis -- Food intolerance and IBS -- Nutritional consequences -- Dietary management of IBS -- Diverticular disease -- 11.6 Concluding remarks -- References and further reading. ; 12 Nutrition in Liver Disease.
• Sommario/riassunto: This second edition of Clinical Nutrition, in the acclaimed textbook series by the Nutrition Society, has been revised and updated in order to: Provide students with the required scientific basis in nutrition, in the context of a systems and health approach. Enable teachers and students to explore the core principles of nutrition and to apply these throughout their training to foster critical thinking at all times. Each chapter identifies the key areas of knowledge that must be understood and also the key points of critical thought that must accompany the acquisition of this knowledge. Are fully peer reviewed to ensure completeness and clarity of content, as well as to ensure that each book takes a global perspective and is applicable for use by nutritionists and on nutrition courses throughout the world. Ground breaking in scope and approach, with an additional chapter on nutritional screening and a student companion website, this second edition is designed for use on nutrition courses throughout the world and is intended for those with an interest in nutrition in a clinical setting. Covering the scientific basis underlying nutritional support, medical ethics and nutritional counselling, it focuses solely on the sick and metabolically compromised patient, dealing with clinical nutrition on a system by system basis making the information more accessible to the students. This is an essential purchase for students of nutrition and dietetics, and also for those students who major in other subjects that have a nutrition component, such as food science, medicine, pharmacy and nursing. Professionals in nutrition, dietetics, food sciences, medicine, health sciences and many related areas will also find this an important resource. Libraries in universities, medical schools and establishments teaching and researching in the area of nutrition will find; Clinical Nutrition a valuable addition to their shelves.
• Titolo autorizzato: Clinical Nutrition
• ISBN: 9781118457740; 9781405168106
• Formato: Materiale a stampa
• Livello bibliografico: Monografia
• Lingua di pubblicazione: Inglese
• Record Nr.: 9910795985503321
• Lo trovi qui: Univ. Federico II
• Serie: The Nutrition Society Textbook Ser.