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[null,"1.","Record Nr.",null,"UNISA996683081003316"]
[null,null,"Autore",null,"Skauradszun Dominik"]
[null,null,"Titolo",null,"Blockchain and Climate Action : Enhancing ESG and Carbon Markets Through Financial Technology"]
[null,null,"Pubbl/distr/stampa",null,"Berlin/Boston : , : Walter de Gruyter GmbH, , 2025"]
[{"$nulls":4},"©2026"]
[null,null,"ISBN",null,"3-11-170681-8"]
[{"$nulls":4},"3-11-170671-0"]
[null,null,"Edizione",null,"[1st ed.]"]
[null,null,"Descrizione fisica",null,"1 online resource (310 pages)"]
[null,null,"Disciplina",null,"363.738746"]
[null,null,"Lingua di pubblicazione",null,"Inglese"]
[null,null,"Formato",null,"Materiale a stampa"]
[null,null,null,"Livello bibliografico","Monografia"]
[null,null,"Nota di contenuto",null,"Intro -- Contents -- Preface -- 1 Tokenising the voluntary carbon credit market: Harnessing opportunities for sustainable development -- 1 Background -- 2 Carbon pricing -- 3 Voluntary carbon credits -- 4 Challenges in current voluntary carbon markets -- 5 Introduction to tokenisation -- 6 Process of carbon tokenisation -- 7 Current state of carbon tokenisation in practice -- 8 Opportunities for carbon tokenisation -- 8.1 Market accessibility -- 8.2 Transparency and trust -- Case study: Toucan protocol -- 8.3 Efficiency and scalability -- Case study: Coorest -- 8.4 Innovation and new markets -- 8.4.1 Technological innovations -- 8.4.2 New markets -- 8.4.3 Case study: Senken and Vlinder in the world's first carbon forward token -- 8.5 Diversification benefits -- 9 Regulatory considerations -- 10 Outlook and potential -- 11 Conclusion -- 2 The early challenges in voluntary carbon markets: An interview-based analysis of past and present problems -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Challenges in voluntary carbon markets -- 3 Qualitative analysis of the voluntary carbon market -- 3.1 Opaque market structure -- 3.2 Lack of global governance -- 3.3 Lack of supply -- 3.4 Restricted accessibility -- 4 Conclusion -- 3 Conditions for tokenisation of carbon standard-issued credits as third-party crypto instruments -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Literature review -- 2.1 Carbon markets -- 2.2 Issues with the current VCM -- 2.3 Blockchain -- 2.3.1 Ledger databases -- 2.3.2 Blockchain innovations -- 2.3.3 Blockchain and carbon markets -- 3 Tokenisation of Verra's VCUs and the subsequent ban -- 3.1 Method of tokenisation by Toucan, Moss and C3 -- 3.2 The Ban on tokenisation by Verra and Gold Standard -- 4 "]
[{"$nulls":4},"Three options for the VCM -- 4.1 No tokenisation by existing registries -- 4.2 Tokenising traditional credits -- 4.3 Native tokenisation -- 4.4 What tokenisation cannot solve."]
[{"$nulls":4},"5 Our solution -- 5.1 Choosing a blockchain and token type -- 5.2 Creating the smart contract -- 5.3 Market design -- 5.4 What registries should avoid -- 6 Conclusion -- 4 VCCs, Tokenisation and the EU CBAM: Some microeconomics of VCCs -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Standard structure of VCC markets -- 3 VCC markets and asymmetric information -- 4 Economic effects of tokenising VCCs -- 4.1 Reducing information asymmetries -- 4.2 Increasing tradability of carbon credits -- 5 CBAM and VCCs -- 6 Conclusions -- 5 Application of blockchain in voluntary carbon markets: A multiple case study on emergent implementations and their challenges -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Operational approach -- 3 Case study: Toucan -- 3.1 Application of blockchain technology -- 3.2 Challenges and limitations -- 3.2.1 Evolution of Toucan's tokenisation approach -- 3.2.2 Integrity at tokenisation -- 3.2.3 Technical, interoperability, and volatility challenges of blockchain-based financial systems -- 3.2.4 Global regulatory frameworks and compliance concerns -- 3.3 Conclusion -- 4 Case study: Regen network development -- 4.1 Application of blockchain technology -- 4.1.1 Ecological state protocols -- 4.1.2 Ecological contracts -- 4.1.3 Supply Protocols -- 4.1.4 Decentralised governance (DAO Structure) -- 4.1.5 Role and utility of the regen token (REGEN) -- 4.1.6 Regen registry and marketplace -- 4.2 Challenges and limitations -- 4.2.1 Equitable participation and governance imbalances -- 4.2.2 Data integrity and verification challenges -- 4.2.3 Token valuation and economic security risks -- 4.3 Conclusion -- 5 Case study: Senken -- 5.1 Adoption of blockchain technology -- 5.2 Challenges and limitations -- 5.3 Conclusion -- 6 Case study: Kumo -- 6.1 Application of blockchain technology -- 6.2 Challenges and limitations -- 6.3 Conclusion -- 7 Case study: Moss."]
[{"$nulls":4},"7.1 Application of blockchain technology -- 7.2 Challenges and limitations -- 7.3 Conclusion -- 8 Discussion -- 8.1 Regulatory and standardisation needs -- 8.1.1 Unified regulatory framework -- 8.1.2 Standardised tokenisation methodologies -- 8.1.3 Harmonised market standards for methodologies -- 8.2 Technical infrastructure requirements -- 8.2.1 Interoperability across systems -- 8.2.2 Accurate measurement systems for data integrity -- 8.2.3 Technical requirements for accessibility and adoptions -- 8.3 Operational and market dynamics -- 8.3.1 Operational and transactional efficiency -- 8.3.2 Market dynamics and financial stability -- 9 Conclusion -- 6 From project design to retirement: The role of blockchain along the voluntary carbon credit lifecycle -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Background -- 2.1 Blockchain and tokenisation -- 2.2 Voluntary carbon credit lifecycle -- 3 Operational approach -- 4 Results -- 4.1 Blockchain application possibilities -- 4.2 Value proposition of blockchain for VCCs lifecycle steps -- 4.3 Additional requirements -- 5 Discussion and conclusion -- 7 Applicable law in the supply chains of VCC tokens -- 1 Introduction -- 2 First insights into the use cases and their provisions regarding questions of Private International Law -- 2.1 International use cases which issue VCC tokens -- 2.1.1 Toucan -- 2.1.2 Regen Network -- 2.2 German use cases which issue VCC tokens -- 2.2.1 Carbonstack -- 2.2.2 Goodcarbon -- 2.3 Mere marketplaces for VCC tokens -- 2.3.1 Senken -- 2.3.2 Kumo -- 2.4 Synopsis of accessible provisions regarding Private International Law -- 3 Possible conflict of laws rules along the supply chain of VCC tokens -- 3.1 Conflict of laws rules within the Union and German legal framework -- 3.1.1 Rome I Regulation on the law applicable to contractual obligations."]
[{"$nulls":4},"3.1.1.1 Scope of the Rome I Regulation and no exclusion as negotiable instruments -- 3.1.1.1.1 No obligations arising out of a negotiable character -- 3.1.1.1.2 No sufficient comparability with bills of exchange or cheques -- 3.1.1.2 Choice of law pursuant to Art. 3 Rome I Regulation -- 3.1.1.3 Habitual residence of the seller pursuant to Art. 4(1)(a) Rome I Regulation -- 3.1.1.4 Habitual residence of the service provider pursuant to Art. 4(1)(b) Rome I Regulation -- 3.1.1.5 Residence of the party required to effect characteristic performance pursuant to Art. 4(2) Rome I Regulation -- 3.1.1.6 Law of the country which is most closely connected pursuant to Art. 4(4) Rome I -- 3.1.1.7 Conclusion for the conflict of laws rules in the Rome I Regulation -- 3.1.2 Lex rei sitae pursuant to Art. 43 German Introductory Act to the Civil Code -- 3.1.3 Lex libri siti pursuant to Sec. 17a Securities Deposit Act or Sec. 32 Electronic Securities Act -- 3.2 Conflict of laws rules in the UNIDROIT Principles on Digital Assets and Private Law -- 3.2.1 VCC tokens as digital assets according to Principle 2(2) UNIDROIT DAPL -- 3.2.2 Applicable law for proprietary issues according to Principle 5 UNIDROIT DAPL -- 3.3 Conflict of laws rules in other jurisdictions -- 3.3.1 Conflict of laws rules in England and Wales -- 3.3.2 Conflict of laws rules in the US Uniform Commercial Code -- 4 Valuation of possible connecting factors in conflict of laws rules -- 4.1 Lex rei sitae -- 4.2 Habitual residence of the parties -- 4.3 Closest connection -- 4.4 Lex libri siti or statutory seat of the issuer or of the registry -- 4.5 Choice of law by the parties -- 5 Conclusions and brief proposal for a conflict of laws rule for VCC tokens -- 8 VCC tokenisation: Navigating legal frameworks and designing for regulatory compliance -- A Legal background -- I Legal frameworks."]
[{"$nulls":4},"1 MiFID and MiFID II -- 2 MiCAR -- a) Classification of tokens -- b) Exemptions -- c) Obligations for offerors of crypto-assets and persons seeking admission to trading regarding VCC tokens -- aa) Offering a VCC token -- bb) Seeking admission to trading of VCC tokens -- d) Obligations of the offeror of crypto-assets -- e) Crypto-asset service providers -- aa) Authorisation of crypto-asset service providers -- bb) Obligations for all crypto-asset service providers -- cc) Provision of custody and administration of crypto-assets on behalf of clients -- dd) Operating a crypto-asset trading platform -- ff) Execution of orders for crypto-assets on behalf of clients -- gg) Placing of crypto-assets -- ii) Providing advice on crypto-assets and providing portfolio management of crypto-assets -- jj) Placing transfer services for crypto-assets on behalf of clients -- f) Other European legislation on VCC tokens -- II Comparison of non-European regulatory approaches with the European regulatory framework -- 1 Regulation of VCC tokens in the USA -- 2 Regulation of VCC tokens in the United Kingdom -- 3 Comparison of the different regulatory approaches -- III Relevant German law -- IV UNIDROIT Principles -- 1 UNIDROIT Principles on Digital Assets and Private Law -- 2 Draft UNIDROIT Principles on the Legal Nature of Verified Carbon Credits -- B Case studies -- I Toucan -- II Nori -- III Crypto Carbon Company (C3) -- IV Coorest -- C Placing the use cases within the context of the relevant legislation -- I CHAR -- II Nori Regenerative Tonne and NORI -- III UBO and NBO tokens -- IV CCO2, NFTrees and PoCC -- D Conclusion and outlook -- 9 Voluntary carbon credits and digital product passports: Similarities and differences -- 1 Introduction: Trust in sustainability -- 2 Fundamental characteristics -- 2.1 Ecological background and objectives."]
[{"$nulls":4},"2.2 Issuance process ('Lifecycle')."]
[null,null,null,"Sommario/riassunto","The book provides an analysis of the challenges associated with the utilisation of blockchain technology in carbon markets and ESG from various academic disciplines.The analysis of the tokenisation of "]
[{"$nulls":4},"Voluntary Carbon Credits (VCC) using blockchain technology will encompass a comprehensive review of the issues involved in the economics of."]