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[null,null,"Titolo",null,"Handbook of nanocelluloses : classification, properties, fabrication, and emerging applications / / Ahmed Barhoum, editor"]
[null,null,"Pubbl/distr/stampa",null,"Cham, Switzerland : , : Springer, , [2022]"]
[{"$nulls":4},"©2022"]
[null,null,"ISBN",null,"9783030896218"]
[{"$nulls":4},"9783030896201"]
[null,null,"Descrizione fisica",null,"1 online resource (1081 pages)"]
[null,null,"Disciplina",null,"572.56682"]
[null,null,"Soggetti",null,"Cellulose"]
[{"$nulls":4},"Nanostructured materials"]
[{"$nulls":4},"Cellulose - Synthesis"]
[null,null,"Lingua di pubblicazione",null,"Inglese"]
[null,null,"Formato",null,"Materiale a stampa"]
[null,null,null,"Livello bibliografico","Monografia"]
[null,null,null,"Nota di bibliografia","Includes bibliographical references and index."]
[null,null,"Nota di contenuto",null,"Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- About the Editor -- Contributors -- Part I: Fundamentals -- 1 Nanocelluloses: Sources, Types, Unique Properties, Market, and Regulations -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Sources and Structure of Cellulose -- 3 Types and Classification of Nanocelluloses -- 4 Cellulose Nanocrystals (CNCs) -- 4.1 Cellulose Nanofibrils (CNFs) -- 4.2 Bacterial Cellulose (BC) -- 5 Unique Properties of Nanocelluloses -- 5.1 Mechanical Strength -- 5.2 High Binding Capacity -- 5.3 Low Toxicity -- 5.4 Biocompatibility -- 5.5 Biodegradability -- 6 Global Market -- 7 International Regulations -- 8 Conclusion -- References -- 2 Nanocelluloses Toxicological and Environmental Impacts -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 In Vitro Studies -- 1.1.1 Cellular Uptake -- 1.1.2 Immunotoxicity -- 1.1.3 Cytotoxicity -- 1.1.4 Oxidative Stress -- 1.1.5 Genotoxicity -- 2 In Vivo Studies -- 2.1 Immunotoxicity -- 2.2 Cytotoxicity -- 3 Environmental Impacts -- 4 Conclusion and Future Prospects -- References -- 3 Nanocellulose Production from Different Sources and Their Self-Assembly in Composite Materials -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Nanocellulose from Native Sources -- 3 Nanocellulose from Microorganisms, Tunicates, and Algae -- 4 Production of Nanocellulose -- 5 Nanoscale Morphological Properties of Nanocellulose -- 6 Targeting Specific Applications by Properties -- 7 Electrostatically Stabilized Nanocellulose-Based Suspensions -- 8 Self-Assembled Nanocellulose in Composite Materials -- 9 Conclusions and "]
[{"$nulls":4},"Future Perspectives -- References -- 4 Physicochemical Characterization of Nanocellulose: Composite, Crystallinity, Morphology -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Composites -- 2.1 Nanocellulose and Biodegradable Polymers Composites -- 2.1.1 Nanocellulose and Synthetic Biodegradable Composites -- Polycaprolactone -- Poly (Butylene Succinate) (PBS) -- Polyethylene Glycol (PEG)."]
[{"$nulls":4},"Poly (Lactic) Acid (PLA) -- Polyglycolic Acid (PGA) -- Poly (Lactic-co-glycolic) Acid (PLGA) -- 2.1.2 Nanocellulose and Natural Biodegradable Composites -- Starch -- Chitosan -- Alginate -- Protein -- Gelatin -- 3 Crystallinity of Cellulose, Nanocellulose, and Composites -- 3.1 Cellulose Crystallinity -- 3.2 Nanocellulose Crystallinity -- 3.3 Cellulose Nanocomposites Crystallinity and Mechanical Properties -- 3.4 Cellulose Nanocrystal Liquid Crystal Phases -- 3.5 Crystallinity Measurements -- 4 Morphology and Physico-Chemical Properties of Nanocellulose and Composites -- 4.1 Morphology of Nanocellulose and Composites -- 4.2 Size, Composition, Physicochemical, and Reactivity Properties -- 4.2.1 Size -- 4.2.2 Elemental Analysis -- 4.2.3 Surface Charge -- 4.2.4 Surface Chemistry -- 5 Conclusion and Future Prospects -- References -- 5 Nanocellulose -- 1 Introduction -- 2 General Overview on Nanocellulose -- 3 Cellulose Nanocrystals: Preparation and Characterization -- 4 Nanofibrillated Cellulose: Preparation and Characterization -- 5 Bacterial Nanocellulose: Preparation and Characterization -- 6 Conclusion -- References -- Part II: Nanofabrication -- 6 Cellulose Nanosystems from Synthesis to Applications -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Micro and Nanocelluloses -- 2.1 Microfibrillated Cellulose Fibers (MFCs) -- 2.2 Spherical Cellulose Nanoparticles (SCNs) -- 2.3 Nanocellulose Crystals (CNCs) -- 2.4 Cellulose Nanofiber (CNF) -- 2.5 Bacterial Nanocellulose (BNC) -- 3 Nanocellulose System -- 3.1 Cellulose Hydrogels -- 3.2 Cellulose Aerogels -- 3.3 Cellulose Polymer Nanocomposites -- 4 Synthesis of Nanocellulose -- 4.1 Mechanical Methods -- 4.2 Cellulose Pretreatment Method -- 4.3 Chemical Methods -- 4.4 Biological Methods -- 5 Applications of Nanocellulose -- 5.1 Biomedical Application -- 5.2 Pharmaceutical Application -- 5.3 Energy Production and Storage."]
[{"$nulls":4},"5.4 Flexible Electronic Devices -- 5.5 Others -- 6 Future Directions -- 7 Conclusion -- References -- 7 Synthesis, Characterizations, Functionalizations, and Biomedical Applications of Spherical Cellulose Nanoparticles -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Overview of Celluloses and Nanocellulose -- 2.1 Structure and Source of Celluloses -- 2.2 Nomenclature and Types of Nanocellulose -- 3 Spherical Cellulose Nanoparticles -- 4 Spherical Cellulose Nanoparticle Synthetic Methodology -- 4.1 Dispersion-Based Techniques -- 4.1.1 Emulsion-Solvent Evaporation -- 4.1.2 Nanoprecipitation -- 4.1.3 Microfluidic Technique -- 4.2 Polymer Self-Assembly -- 5 Characterization of Spherical Cellulose-Based Nanoparticles -- 6 Surface Functionalization Techniques -- 7 Biomedical Applications -- 8 Conclusion -- References -- 8 Cellulose Nanocrystals -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Structure, Morphology, and Properties of Cellulose Nanocrystals -- 2.1 Structure and Morphology of CNCs -- 2.1.1 Effect of Sources and Processing Techniques on Structure and Morphology of CNCs -- 2.1.2 Effect of Hydrolysis Time on Structure and Morphology of CNCs -- 2.1.3 Effect of Surface Functionalization on Structure and Morphology of CNCs -- 2.1.4 Various Morphologies of CNCs: Rods, Spheres, Network, and Core-Shell Structures -- 2.2 Properties of Cellulose Nanocrystals -- 3 Preparation of Cellulose Nanocrystals -- 3.1 Preparation of Cellulose Nanocrystals -- 3.1.1 Chemical Treatment: Acid Hydrolysis of CNCs -- 3.1.2 Physical Processes: Ultrasonication Synthesis of CNCs -- 3.1.3 Enzymatic Synthesis of CNCs -- 4 "]
[{"$nulls":4},"Functionalization Techniques -- 4.1 Extraction-Dependent Functionalization -- 4.2 Functionalization by Physical Adsorption -- 4.3 Functionalization by Chemical Modification -- 5 Physicochemical Characterization -- 6 Applications -- 7 Conclusions -- References -- 9 Cellulose Nanofibers -- 1 Introduction."]
[{"$nulls":4},"2 Sources of Cellulose -- 3 Different Techniques for CNF Synthesis -- 3.1 Processes for CNF Extraction from Plant Resources -- 3.2 Alkali and Acid-Chlorite Pretreatment of Cellulose Extraction -- 3.3 Micro- and Nanofibrillation of Cellulose -- 3.4 Acid Hydrolysis Synthesis -- 3.5 Enzymatic Hydrolysis -- 3.6 Electrospinning of Cellulose Nanofibers -- 3.7 Bacterial Synthesis of Cellulose Nanofibers -- 4 Unique Properties of CNF -- 4.1 Optical Transparency -- 4.2 Barrier Properties -- 4.3 Mechanical Properties -- 4.4 Thermal Features -- 4.5 Electrical Properties -- 4.6 Biocompatibility -- 4.7 Biodegradability -- 5 Emerging Applications -- 5.1 CNFs as Reinforcing Materials -- 5.2 Nanopapers -- 5.3 Energy Storage, Battery Function, and Flexible Electronic Devices -- 5.4 Filtration -- 5.5 Medical, Healthcare, and Cosmetic Applications -- 6 Conclusion -- References -- 10 Electrospinning of Cellulose Nanofibers for Advanced Applications -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Electrospinning Setup -- 3 Electrospinning Parameters -- 4 Cellulose Electrospinning -- 4.1 One-Step Methods -- 4.2 Two-Step Methods -- 5 Electrospinning of Cellulose Blends -- 6 Cellulose Composite Electrospinning -- 7 Applications of Electrospun Cellulose Nanofibers -- 7.1 Tissue Engineering -- 7.2 Drug Delivery Systems -- 7.3 Food Industry -- 7.4 Textile -- 7.5 Separation Process -- 7.5.1 Membranes -- 7.5.2 Adsorbent -- 7.6 Others -- 8 Future Directions -- 9 Conclusion -- References -- 11 Bacterial Cellulose Nanofibers -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Structure and Unique Properties -- 3 Biosynthesis Mechanism -- 3.1 Factors Affecting the BC Biosynthesis Process -- 3.2 Synthetic Pathway -- 4 Surface Functionalization -- 5 Biomedical Applications -- 5.1 Wound Healing -- 5.2 Biomedical Scaffolds -- 5.3 Drug Delivery -- 5.4 Lenses -- 6 Environmental Protection and Improvement -- 6.1 Air Filtration."]
[{"$nulls":4},"6.2 Heavy Metal and Dye Wastewater Reduction -- 6.2.1 Organic Pollutant Removal From Wastewater -- 6.3 Disinfection of Wastewater -- 6.4 Water Desalination -- 7 Energy Applications -- 8 Packing Applications -- 9 Future Directions -- 10 Conclusion -- References -- 12 Emerging Application of Nanocelluloses for Microneedle Devices -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Insight to Categories and Characteristics of Nanocellulose -- 2 Preparation of Nanocellulose -- 2.1 Conversion of Cellulose to Nanocellulose -- 2.2 Nanocellulose Properties -- 2.3 Production of Nanocellulose -- 2.4 Pretreatment Techniques -- 2.4.1 Alkaline Pretreatment -- 2.4.2 Bleaching Pretreatment -- 2.5 Extraction Techniques -- 2.5.1 Chemical Techniques of Nanocellulose Production -- 2.5.2 Biological Techniques -- 2.5.3 Mechanical Techniques -- 3 Emergence of Nanocellulose for Microneedle (MN) Fabrication -- 3.1 Microneedle Device and their Categories -- 3.2 Fabrication Technologies and Characterization of Microneedle -- 3.3 Application of Microneedle -- 3.4 Advantage of Microneedle -- 3.5 Limitation of Microneedle -- 4 Nanocellulose for Microneedle Fabrication -- 4.1 Effect of Nanocellulose Combination on Microneedle Fabrication -- 4.2 Limitation of Nano Cellulose Combination on Microneedle Fabrication -- 5 Conclusion and Future Aspects -- References -- Part III: Processing -- 13 Nanocellulose for Antibacterial, Anti-biofouling Applications: To Antiviral Development in the Future -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Classification of Nanocellulose, Structures, and Properties -- 3 Biofouling and Microorganisms -- 4 Application Cases from the Viewpoint of Fouling -- 4.1 Membranes -- 4.2 Medical Application -- 5 "]
[{"$nulls":4},"Antiviral Characteristics: Future Problems -- 6 Conclusion and Future Prospects -- References -- 14 Nanoparticle Decoration of Nanocellulose for Improved Performance -- 1 Introduction."]
[{"$nulls":4},"2 Nanoparticles."]