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[null,"1.","Record Nr.",null,"UNINA9911006912503321"]
[null,null,"Autore",null,"Rudnik Ewa"]
[null,null,"Titolo",null,"Compostable Polymer Materials"]
[null,null,"Pubbl/distr/stampa",null,"Marrickville : , : Elsevier, , 2019"]
[{"$nulls":4},"©2019"]
[null,null,"ISBN",null,"0-08-099438-5"]
[null,null,"Edizione",null,"[2nd ed.]"]
[null,null,"Descrizione fisica",null,"1 online resource"]
[null,null,"Disciplina",null,"668.49"]
[null,null,"Soggetti",null,"Biodegradable plastics"]
[null,null,"Lingua di pubblicazione",null,"Inglese"]
[null,null,"Formato",null,"Materiale a stampa"]
[null,null,null,"Livello bibliografico","Monografia"]
[null,null,"Nota di contenuto",null,"Front Cover -- Compostable Polymer Materials -- Compostable Polymer Materials -- Copyright -- Contents -- Preface -- 1 - Introduction -- 1.1 Situation in Europe -- 1.2 Situation in the United States -- 1.3 Situation in other regions of the world -- 1.3.1 Asian countries -- 1.3.2 Africa -- 1.3.3 Brasil -- References -- 2 - Compostable polymer materials - definitions, structures and methods of preparation -- 2.1 Biodegradable polymers from renewable resources -- 2.1.1 Poly(lactic acid) - PLA -- 2.1.2 Polyhydroxyalkanoates - PHA -- 2.1.3 Thermoplastic starch - TPS -- 2.2 Other compostable polymers from renewable resources -- 2.2.1 Cellulose -- 2.2.2 Chitosan -- 2.2.3 Proteins -- 2.3 Biodegradable polymers from petrochemical sources -- 2.3.1 Aliphatic polyesters and copolyesters -- 2.3.2 Aromatic polyesters and copolyesters -- 2.3.3 Poly(caprolactone) - PCL -- 2.3.4 Poly(esteramide) - PEA -- 2.3.5 Poly(vinyl alcohol) - PVA -- 2.3.6 Blends -- References -- 3 - Properties and applications -- 3.1 Biodegradable polymers from renewable resources -- 3.1.1 Poly(lactic acid) - PLA -- 3.1.1.1 Properties -- 3.1.1.2 Processing -- 3.1.1.3 Applications -- 3.1.2 Polyhydroxyalkanoates - PHA -- 3.1.2.1 Properties -- 3.1.2.2 Processing -- 3.1.2.3 Applications -- 3.1.3 Thermoplastic starch - TPS -- 3.1.3.1 Properties -- 3.1.3.2 Processing -- 3.1.3.3 Applications -- 3.1.4 Other compostable polymers from renewable resources -- 3.1.4.1 Cellulose -- 3.1.4.1.1 Properties -- 3.1.4.1.2 Processing -- 3.1.4.1.3 Applications -- 3.1.4.2 Chitosan -- 3.1.4.2.1 Properties -- 3.1.4.2.2 Processing -- 3.1.4.2.3 Applications -- 3.1.4.3 Proteins -- 3.1.4.3.1 Properties -- 3.1.4.3.2 Processing -- 3.1.4.3.3 "]
[{"$nulls":4},"Applications -- 3.2 Biodegradable polymers from petrochemical sources -- 3.2.1 Aliphatic polyesters and copolyesters -- 3.2.1.1 Properties -- 3.2.1.2 Processing -- 3.2.1.3 Applications."]
[{"$nulls":4},"3.2.2 Aromatic polyesters and copolyesters -- 3.2.2.1 Properties -- 3.2.2.2 Processing -- 3.2.2.3 Applications -- 3.2.3 Poly(caprolactone) - PCL -- 3.2.3.1 Properties -- 3.2.3.2 Processing -- 3.2.3.3 Applications -- 3.2.4 Poly(esteramide)s - PEA -- 3.2.4.1 Properties -- 3.2.4.2 Processing -- 3.2.4.3 Applications -- 3.2.5 Poly(vinyl alcohol) - PVA -- 3.2.5.1 Properties -- 3.2.5.2 Processing -- 3.2.5.3 Applications -- 3.3 Blends -- 3.3.1 Applications -- 3.4 Summary -- 3.4.1 Major markets of compostable polymer materials -- References -- 4 - Thermal and thermooxidative degradation -- 4.1 Biodegradable polymers from renewable resources -- 4.1.1 Poly(lactic acid) PLA -- 4.1.2 Polyhydroxyalkanoates PHA -- 4.1.3 Thermoplastic starch TPS -- 4.1.4 Other compostable polymers from renewable resources -- 4.1.4.1 Cellulose -- 4.1.4.2 Chitosan -- 4.1.4.3 Proteins -- 4.2 Biodegradable polymers from petrochemical sources -- 4.2.1 Aliphatic polyesters and copolyesters -- 4.2.2 Aromatic polyesters and copolyesters -- 4.2.3 Poly(caprolactone) PCL -- 4.2.4 Poly(esteramides) PEA -- 4.2.5 Poly(vinyl alcohol) PVA -- 4.3 Blends -- 4.4 Summary of thermal stability of compostable polymer materials -- 4.5 Flammability and fire testing of compostable polymers -- References -- 5 - Composting methods and legislation -- 5.1 Composting definitions -- 5.2 Composting process and methods -- 5.2.1 The first mesophilic phase [15] -- 5.2.2 Thermophilic phase [15] -- 5.2.3 Cooling and maturation phase [15] -- 5.2.4 Microorganisms -- 5.2.5 Conditions of composting -- 5.2.6 Compost quality -- 5.2.7 Compost quality standards -- 5.3 Composting standards -- 5.3.1 ASTM 6400- 12 Specification for labeling of plastics designed to be aerobically composted in municipal or industrial facil."]
[{"$nulls":4},"5.3.2 ASTM D6868 Standard specification for labeling of end items that incorporate plastics and polymers as coatings or additive... -- 5.3.3 ISO 17088 Specifications for compostable plastics [3] -- 5.3.4 EN 13432 Packaging - requirements for packaging recoverable through composting and biodegradation - test scheme and evalua... -- 5.3.5 EN 14995 Plastics. Evaluation of compostability. Test scheme and specifications [31] -- 5.3.6 ISO 18606 Packaging and environment - organic recycling [32] -- 5.3.7 AS 4736 Biodegradable plastics - biodegradable plastics suitable for composting and other microbial treatment [33] -- 5.3.8 Comparison of standards -- 5.4 Labelling systems in different regions -- 5.4.1 In Europe -- 5.4.1.1 The compostability mark of European Bioplastics -- 5.4.1.2 The compostability mark of DIN -- 5.4.1.3 The compostability mark of TÜV AUSTRIA BELGIUM (former AIBVinçotte) (Belgium) -- 5.4.1.4 Compostability mark of Finnish Solid Waste Association (Jätelaitosyhdistys) (Finland) -- 5.4.2 In America -- 5.4.3 In Asia -- 5.4.4 In Australia and New Zealand -- 5.5 Cooperation between certification and labeling systems -- References -- 6 - Biodegradability testing of compostable polymer materials under laboratory conditions -- 6.1 Definitions related to biodegradation testing -- Activated sludge (ISO/DIS 14851) -- Activated vermiculite (ISO 14855-1) -- Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) (ISO/DIS 14851) -- Biodegradation phase (ISO 14855-1) -- Concentration of suspended solids in an activated sludge (ISO/DIS 14851) -- Composting (ISO 14855-1) -- Compost (ISO/DIS 14855-2) -- Compostability (ISO 20200) -- Disintegration (ISO 14855-1) -- Dry mass (ISO 20200) -- Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) (ISO/DIS 14851) -- Inorganic carbon (IC) (ISO 14853) -- Lag phase (ISO 14855-1) -- Maximum level of biodegradation (ISO 14855-1)."]
[{"$nulls":4},"Mesophilic incubation period (ISO 20200) -- Plateau phase (ISO 14855-1) -- Pre-exposure(ISO/DIS 14855-2) -- Pre-conditioning(ISO/DIS 14855-2) -- Theoretical amount of evolved carbon dioxide (ThCO2) (ISO 14855-1) -- Thermophilic incubation period (ISO 20200) -- Theoretical oxygen demand (ThOD) (ISO/DIS 14851) -- Total dry solids (ISO 14855-1) -- Total organic carbon (TOC) (ISO/DIS 14851) -- Ultimate aerobic biodegradation (ISO 14855-1,ISO/DIS 14851) -- Volatile solids (ISO 14855-1) -- Water-holdingcapacity WHC (ISO/DIS 14855-2) -- 6.2 International standards related to composting -- 6.3 Principles of main standards related to composting and biodegradability testing -- ISO 14855-1:2012 - determination of the ultimate aerobicbiodegradability of plastic materials under controlled compostingconditions - method by analysis of evolved carbon dioxide - part 1:general method -- Scope -- Principle -- Priming effect -- ISO/DIS 14855-2- determination of the ultimate aerobic biodegradability of plastic materials under controlled composting condi... -- Scope -- Principle -- ISO 20200:2015- plastics - determination of the degree of disintegration of plastic materials under simulated composting conditi... -- Scope -- Principle -- ISO/DIS 14851 - determination of the ultimate aerobic biodegradability of plastic materials in an aqueous medium - method by mea... -- Scope -- Principle -- ISO/DIS 14852 - determination of the ultimate aerobic biodegradability of plastic materials in an aqueous medium - method by ana... -- Scope -- Principle -- 6.4 Composting at laboratory scale -- 6.5 Biodegradability testing methods -- 6.6 Biodegradation of biodegradable polymers from renewable resources -- 6.6.1 Biodegradation of poly(lactic acid) - PLA -- 6.6.1.1 Degradation mechanisms -- 6.6.1.2 Degradation in compost -- 6.6.2 Biodegradation of polyhydroxyalkanoates - PHA."]
[{"$nulls":4},"6.6.2.1 Degradation mechanisms -- 6.6.2.2 Degradation in compost -- 6.6.3 Thermoplastic starch - TPS -- 6.6.4 Biodegradation of other compostable polymers from renewable resources -- 6.6.4.1 Biodegradation of cellulose -- 6.6.4.2 Biodegradation of chitosan -- 6.6.4.3 Biodegradation of proteins -- 6.7 Biodegradation of biodegradable polymers from petrochemical sources -- 6.7.1 Biodegradation of aliphatic polyesters and copolyesters -- 6.7.2 Biodegradation of aromatic polyesters and copolyesters -- 6.7.3 Biodegradation of poly(caprolactone) - PCL -- 6.7.4 Biodegradation of poly(esteramide)s -- 6.7.5 Biodegradation of poly(vinyl alcohol) -- 6.8 Biodegradation of blends -- 6.8.1 Blends of PLA -- 6.8.2 Blends of PHA -- 6.8.3 Blends of starch -- 6.8.4 Blends of PCL -- 6.8.5 Blends of aliphatic-aromatic copolyesters -- 6.8.6 PVA blends -- 6.8.7 Miscellaneous -- References -- 7 - Biodegradation of compostable polymer materials under real conditions -- References -- 8 - Biodegradation of compostable polymers in various environments -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Compostable polymers-degrading microorganisms -- 8.2.1 PLA -- 8.2.2 PHA -- 8.2.3 PBS -- 8.2.4 Aliphatic-­aromatic copolyesters -- 8.2.5 Polyesteramides -- 8.3 Biodegradation in soil environment -- 8.3.1 PLA -- 8.3.2 Polyhydroxyalkanoates -- 8.3.3 TPS -- 8.3.4 Proteins -- 8.3.5 Aliphatic polyesters -- 8.3.6 Aliphatic-aromaticpolyesters -- 8.3.7 Polyesteramides -- 8.4 Biodegradation in anaerobic environment -- 8.4.1 PLA -- 8.4.2 PHB -- 8.4.3 Various -- 8.4.4 PVA -- 8.4.5 Blends -- 8.5 Biodegradation in marine environment -- References -- 9 - Ecotoxicological assessment of compostable polymer materials -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Definitions -- 9.2.1 Ecotoxicology -- 9.2.2 Ecotoxicity -- 9.3 Methods -- 9.3.1 Plant phytotoxicity testing -- 9.3.2 Animal toxicity test -- 9.3.3 Algal test."]
[{"$nulls":4},"9.3.4 Luminescent bacteria test."]
[null,null,null,"Sommario/riassunto","Compostable Polymer Materials, Second Edition, deals with the environmentally important family of polymers designed to be disposed of in industrial and municipal compost facilities after their useful life.These compostable plastics undergo degradation and leave no visible, distinguishable, or toxic residue."]