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[null,"1.","Record Nr.",null,"UNISA996550554903316"]
[null,null,"Titolo",null,"Chinese computational linguistics : 22nd China National Conference, CCL 2023, Harbin, China, August 3-5, 2023 : proceedings / / Maosong Sun, Bing Qin, Xipeng Qiu, Jiang Jing, Xianpei Han, Gaoqi Rao, Yubo Chen, editors"]
[null,null,"Pubbl/distr/stampa",null,"Singapore : , : Springer, , 2023"]
[{"$nulls":4},"©2023"]
[null,null,"ISBN",null,"981-9962-07-2"]
[null,null,"Edizione",null,"[1st ed.]"]
[null,null,"Descrizione fisica",null,"1 online resource (xxii, 466 pages) : illustrations (chiefly color)"]
[null,null,"Collana",null,"Lecture Notes in Computer Science Series ; ; v.14232"]
[null,null,"Soggetti",null,"Big data"]
[{"$nulls":4},"Chinese language - Data processing"]
[{"$nulls":4},"Computational linguistics"]
[{"$nulls":4},"Natural language processing (Computer science)"]
[null,null,"Lingua di pubblicazione",null,"Inglese"]
[null,null,"Formato",null,"Materiale a stampa"]
[null,null,null,"Livello bibliografico","Monografia"]
[null,null,null,"Sommario/riassunto","This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 22nd China National Conference on Chinese Computational Linguistics, CCL 2023, Harbin, China, August 35, 2023. The 82 full papers included in this book were carefully reviewed and selected from 278 submissions. They were organized in topical sections as follows: Fundamental Theory and Methods of Computational Linguistics, Information Retrieval, Dialogue and Question Answering, Text Generation, Dialogue and Summarization, Knowledge Graph and Information Extraction, Machine Translation and Multilingual Information Processing, Language Resource and Evaluation, Pre-trained Language Models, Social Computing and Sentiment Analysis, NLP Applications."]
[null,"2.","Record Nr.",null,"UNINA9910975210903321"]
[null,null,"Autore",null,"Nallari Raj <1955->"]
[null,null,"Titolo",null,"Clusters of competitiveness / / Raj Nallari, Breda Griffith"]
[null,null,"Pubbl/distr/stampa",null,"Washington, DC : , : World Bank, , [2013]"]
[null,null,"ISBN",null,"1-4648-0050-2"]
[null,null,"Edizione",null,"[1st ed.]"]
[null,null,"Descrizione fisica",null,"1 online resource (pages cm)"]
[null,null,"Collana",null,"Directions in development"]
[null,null,"Disciplina",null,"338.6/048"]
[null,null,"Soggetti",null,"Competition"]
[{"$nulls":4},"Economic development"]
[null,null,"Lingua di pubblicazione",null,"Inglese"]
[null,null,"Formato",null,"Materiale a stampa"]
[null,null,null,"Livello bibliografico","Monografia"]
[null,null,null,"Note generali","Bibliographic Level Mode of Issuance: Monograph"]
[null,null,null,"Nota di bibliografia","Includes bibliographical references and index."]
[null,null,"Nota di contenuto",null,"Intro -- Contents -- Preface -- About the Authors -- Abbreviations -- Chapter 1 Competition, Competition Policy, and Growth -- Competition and Growth -- Product Market Regulation and Economic Performance -- Competition Policy -- Conclusion -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 2 Competitiveness and Its Indicators -- Elements of Competitiveness -- Defining Competitiveness -- Price Indicators of Competitiveness -- Nonprice Indicators of Competitiveness -- Doing Business: Measuring Business Regulations -- Conclusion -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 3 National Competitiveness -- Defining National Competitiveness -- Competitiveness Rankings -- Conclusion -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 4 Innovation Policy for Competitiveness -- Innovation: Definition and Measurements -- Innovation, Growth, and Competitiveness -- Policies for Innovation -- How Can Government Help? -- Conclusion -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 5 Competitiveness and Clusters -- Background to Clusters -- Cluster Initiatives -- Policy Implications -- Conclusion -- Notes -- References -- Box -- Box 2.1 Price and Nonprice Indicators of Competitiveness: The Case of Armenia -- Figures -- Figure 1.1 Markups in Manufacturing and Nonmanufacturing -- Figure 1.2 The Tree Structure of the Economy-wide PMR Indicator -- Figure 1.3 PMR in Accession and OECD Countries, Aggregate Level, 2008 -- Figure 1.4 Decomposition of PMR in Accession Countries, 2008 -- Figure 2.1 Business Environment Quality: The Diamond -- Figure 2.2 The Three Pillars of Trade Competitiveness -- Figure 2.3 Outcomes and Determinants of Competitiveness -- Figure B2.1.1 Armenia's Share of World Exports -- Figure B2.1.2 Nominal and Real Effective Exchange "]
[{"$nulls":4},"Rates for Armenia -- Figure B2.1.3 GDP Dynamics and Global Competitiveness Rankings for Armenia -- Figure 2.4 The 12 Pillars of Competitiveness."]
[{"$nulls":4},"Figure 2.5 Correlation between Doing Business Rankings and OECD Rankings of Product Market Regulation -- Figure 2.6 Correlation between Doing Business Rankings and World Economic Forum Rankings on Global Competitiveness -- Figure 3.1 REER Competitiveness Gains and Losses, Selected Countries, 2000-11 -- Figure 3.2 World Competitiveness Scoreboard 2011: Top 20 Economies -- Figure 3.3 Competitiveness Trends, 2005-11 -- Figure 3.4 Trends in the GCI Innovation Pillar Score, 2005-11 -- Figure 3.5 Variation in Individual Economies' Regulatory Environment (dispersion around average) -- Figure 3.6 Regions Ranked by Strength of Legal Institutions and Complexity and Cost of Regulatory Processes -- Figure 3.7 Impact of Regulatory Reform on Registration of New Firms -- Figure 4.1 New-to-Market Product Innovators as a Percentage of Innovative Firms by R&amp -- D Status, 2004-06 -- Figure 4.2 Contribution of Innovation to Growth in Ghana and the Republic of Korea, 1960-2005 -- Figure 4.3 Major Technical Systems from the Middle Ages through the Present -- Figure 4.4 Cross-Border Capital Inflows, 1985-2009 -- Figure 4.5 Global Growth in Real GDP, 2000-12 (quarterly change from prior year) -- Figure 4.6 Innovation Accounts for a Large Share of Labor Productivity Growth, Percentage Contributions, 1995-2006 -- Figure 4.7 Determinants of Technology Upgrading in Developing Countries -- Figure 4.8 Growing Innovation: The Government as Gardener -- Figure 4.9 Patenting Activity of Young Firms, 2005-07 -- Figure 5.1 An Agribusiness Cluster -- Figure 5.2 Determinants of Innovative Capacity -- Figure 5.3 Productivity and the Business Environment -- Figure 5.4 Dimensions of Clusters and Economic Policy -- Figure 5.5 One Approach to Developing a Cluster Initiative -- Figure 5.6 Policy Setting in which CIs Are Conducted."]
[{"$nulls":4},"Figure 5.7 Level of Trust between Firms and between the Private and Public Sector -- Figure 5.8 Objectives Considered Most Important for the CI -- Figure 5.9 Target Industries Selected by Donors or Government for the Purposes of CIs -- Figure 5.10 Cluster Strength -- Figure 5.11 Cluster Strength by Initiator-Developing and Transition Countries -- Figure 5.12 Entity Responsible for Initiating CI by Economy's Underlying Level of Development -- Figure 5.13 Influence in First Stage of Cluster Initiatives' Operation, by Sector and Economy Type -- Tables -- Table 1.1 Markups Estimates by Industry -- Table 1.2 Review of Studies Examining the Effect of PMR on Macroeconomic Outcomes -- Table 1.3 Regulation and Growth in GDP per Capita, Aggregate PMR -- Table 1.4 Regulation and Growth in GDP per Capita, Regulatory Domains -- Table 1.5 Regulation and Growth in GDP per Capita, Threshold Results -- Table 1.6 Administrative Barriers to Starting a Business, by Region -- Table 1.7 Structure, Conduct, and Performance of Selected Industries in Five Developing Economies -- Table 1.8 Persistence of Profitability in Emerging Markets and Advanced Markets -- Table 1.9 Competition Assessment Framework -- Table 2.1 The Who, What, and How of Firms' Competitiveness -- Table 2.2 Definition of Competitiveness and Its Underlying Elements -- Table 2.3 Price and Cost Indicators of Competitiveness -- Table 2.4 Price Measures of Competitiveness -- Table 2.5 Factors and Subfactors Comprising the National Environment (World Competitiveness Yearbook) -- Table 2.6 Subindex Weights and Income Thresholds for Stages of Development (Global Competitiveness Index) -- Table 2.7 Eleven Areas of Business Regulation Measured by Doing Business -- Table 3.1 Global Competitive Index for Top 10 Countries for 2011-12 "]
[{"$nulls":4},"versus 2005-06 and 2008-09 Rankings."]
[{"$nulls":4},"Table 3.2 Twelve Pillar Rankings for GCI Top 10 Countries, 2011-12 -- Table 3.3 GCI and Pillar Rankings for North America and Europe Region, Selected Countries, 2011-12 -- Table 3.4 GCI and Pillar Rankings for Asia and the Pacific Region, Selected Economies, 2011-12 -- Table 3.5 GCI and Pillar Rankings for Latin America and the Caribbean Region, Selected Countries, 2011-12 -- Table 3.6 GCI and Pillar Rankings for Middle East and North Africa Region, Selected Countries, 2011-12 -- Table 3.7 GCI and Pillar Scores-Sub-Saharan Africa, Selected Countries, 2011 -- Table 3.8 Top 10 Economies for Ease of Doing Business in 2013, versus 2012 and 2011 Rankings -- Table 3.9 Ten Economies Showing Most Improvement in Ease of Doing Business, 2011-13 -- Table 4.1 Simple Innovation Indicators -- Table 4.2 Extent of Economic Growth beyond Growth Predicted by Rates of Capital Accumulation, Selected Economies, 1960-89 -- Table 4.3 Conventional Breakdown of Sources of Growth, 1970-2000 -- Table 4.4 Level of Productivity in Countries of Various Incomes, 1970-2000 -- Table 4.5 Decomposition of the Predicted Growth in National Market Shares from an Estimated Empirical Model of Cross-Country Competitiveness, 1961-73 -- Table 4.6 Percentage of Rural and Urban Population with Access to Clean Water, 1990 and 2004 -- Table 4.7 Pace of Dissemination of Major Technologies, 1748-2000 -- Table 4.8 OECD and World Bank Policy Principles for Innovation -- Table 4.9 Summary of Innovation Policy Elements -- Table 5.1 Four Types of Economic Agglomerations -- Table 5.2 Social Science Contribution to Understanding of Clusters -- Table 5.3 Regional Specialization-Clusters in the United States, 2008, Selected Geographic Areas -- Table 5.4 Composition of Regional Economies, United States, 2004 -- Table 5.5 Comparison of Cluster Initiatives by Level of Economic Development."]
[{"$nulls":4},"Table 5.6 Possible Policy and Strategic Recommendations from a Cluster Initiative."]
[null,null,null,"Sommario/riassunto","This primer on â€œClusters of Competitivenessâ€? provides a critical overview of competitiveness at many levels. Competitiveness is a broad subject with applications at the level of the firm, industry, region, nation, and global economy. Each one of these aspects has a rich literature drawn on by academics and policy makers over a long period. This book seeks to present a broad overview of the main ideas underlying competitiveness and its applications, highlighting and discussing in greater depth the topics that are of relevance currently. Specifically, the book draws out the experiences of and lessons for developing economies, and examines in detail the role for policy. Competition, competitiveness and growth are inherently linked and provide a compelling basis for policy analysis and recommendations. We begin by looking at competition and competition policy and the effects of these on economic growth. We concentrate on product market regulation and find that more stringent regulation is negatively associated with economic growth. Competition policy has an important role to play in promoting growth. We highlight the reasons why competition policy is critical for developing economies in the current era of globalization and liberalization. Moving on, we next provide an overview of competitiveness, highlighting its application to the firm, nation and global economy. We differentiate between price and non-price measures of competitiveness, examining the advantages and disadvantages of each and providing a clear guide to the non-price measures that have proliferated in the business literature in recent decades. We examine how the concept of national competitiveness has evolved. We classify this according to price and non- price measures. "]
[{"$nulls":4},"Data from the International Institute for Management Development, the World Economic Forum and the World Bank are discussed, illustrating competitiveness rankings across countries over time. We then turn to innovation emphasizing its relationship to economic growth and competitiveness. The modern, knowledge-driven globalized economy is a product of innovation and competitiveness. Drawing on this, we next examine the necessary elements of an effective innovation policy in meeting the economic and social challenges of the modern age. We conclude this primer with a critical overview of clusters and the stimulus for economic development at the local, regional and global level that arises from the connections between firms forming clusters. We look at cluster initiatives, which are organized efforts to increase growth and competitiveness within a region and are also a tool for government in pursuing policy reform"]