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[null,null,"Titolo",null,"Learning to predict climate variations associated with El Nino and the southern oscillation : accomplishments and legacies of the TOGA program / / Advisory Panel for the Tropical Oceans and Global Atmosphere Program (TOGA Panel), Climate Research Committee, Board on Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, Commission on Geosciences, Environment, and Resources, National Research Council"]
[null,null,"Pubbl/distr/stampa",null,"Washington, D.C., : National Academy Press, 1996"]
[null,null,"ISBN",null,"9786610192809"]
[{"$nulls":4},"9780309176095"]
[{"$nulls":4},"0309176093"]
[{"$nulls":4},"9781280192807"]
[{"$nulls":4},"1280192801"]
[{"$nulls":4},"9780309588515"]
[{"$nulls":4},"0309588510"]
[{"$nulls":4},"9780585144580"]
[{"$nulls":4},"0585144583"]
[null,null,"Edizione",null,"[1st ed.]"]
[null,null,"Descrizione fisica",null,"1 online resource (187 p.)"]
[null,null,"Disciplina",null,"551.5/24642"]
[null,null,"Soggetti",null,"Climatic changes - Forecasting"]
[{"$nulls":4},"Southern oscillation"]
[{"$nulls":4},"El Niño Current"]
[null,null,"Lingua di pubblicazione",null,"Inglese"]
[null,null,"Formato",null,"Materiale a stampa"]
[null,null,null,"Livello bibliografico","Monografia"]
[null,null,null,"Note generali","Bibliographic Level Mode of Issuance: Monograph"]
[null,null,null,"Nota di bibliografia","Includes bibliographical references (p. 141-164)."]
[null,null,"Nota di contenuto",null,"Learning to Predict Climate Variations Associated with El Nino and the Southern Oscillation -- Copyright -- PREFACE -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- CONTENTS -- SUMMARY -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- EL NINO AND THE SOUTHERN OSCILLATION (ENSO) -- CONCEPT OF THE TOGA PROGRAM -- PURPOSE OF THIS REPORT -- 2. GROWTH OF THE TOGA PROGRAM -- ENSO: A COUPLED OCEAN-ATMOSPHERE PHENOMENON -- EMERGENCE OF A COHERENT EFFORT (1970-1984) -- DEVELOPMENT OF THE TOGA PROGRAM -- SCIENTIFIC PLAN FOR TOGA (1985) -- 3. COMPONENTS OF THE U.S. TOGA PROGRAM -- OBSERVATIONS OF ENSO -- TOGA Observing System -- Volunteer Observing Ships -- Surface Drifters -- Tide-Gauge Network -- TAO Array -- Satellite Observations "]
[{"$nulls":4},"-- Observing the Atmosphere and Ocean for TOGA -- Sea Surface Temperature -- Surface Wind and Stress -- Subsurface Temperature. -- Sea Level -- Heat and Moisture Fluxes -- Upper-Air Observations -- Other Quantities -- PROCESS STUDIES -- Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Response Experiment (COARE) -- Central Pacific Experiment (CEPEX) -- Australian Monsoon Experiment (AMEX) / Equatorial Monsoon Experiment (EMEX) -- Line Islands Array (LIA) -- Tropic Heat -- Tropic Heat II -- Tropical Instability Wave Experiment (TIWE). -- North Equatorial Countercurrent (NECC) Study -- Western Equatorial Pacific Ocean Circulation Study (WEPOCS) -- Western Tropical Atlantic Experiment (WESTRAX) -- Equatorial Pacific Experiment (EqPac) -- MODELING ENSO -- Ocean Models -- Atmospheric Models -- Coupled Models -- PREDICTION -- TOGA PRODUCTS -- Reanalysis -- TOGA CD-ROM Project -- PROBLEMS AND SHORTCOMINGS -- 4. WHAT WE'VE LEARNED -- OBSERVATIONS OF ENSO IN THE TROPICAL PACIFIC -- Climatologies -- Evolution of Warm and Cold Events -- The Warming During 1990-1994 -- EFFECTS OF ENSO ON THE REST OF THE GLOBE -- Tropics -- Middle Latitudes -- ENSO and the Asian-Australian Monsoon -- Carbon Dioxide and ENSO."]
[{"$nulls":4},"THEORIES OF ENSO -- The Mechanism of ENSO -- Irregularity of ENSO -- Annual Cycle and ENSO -- Optimal Growth of Disturbances and ENSO Predictability -- WORKING IN A LARGER COMMUNITY -- 5. ORGANIZATION -- U.S. ORGANIZATIONAL ARRANGEMENTS -- NRC's TOGA Panel -- Interagency Coordination of Resources -- TOGA Project Office -- Science Working Groups -- Coordination with International TOGA -- INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONAL ARRANGEMENTS -- TOGA as an Integral Part of the WCRP -- Scientific Steering Group (SSG) -- International Project Office -- Intergovernmental TOGA Board -- 6. APPLICATIONS OF ENSO PREDICTION -- DEVELOPMENT OF APPLICATIONS AND ASSESSMENTS -- APPLICATIONS OF REGIONAL ENSO FORECASTS -- Peru -- Northeast Brazil -- Australia -- Asia -- Other Foreign Regions -- United States -- 7. THE FUTURE -- WHAT TOGA DIDN'T DO -- OBSTACLES TO PROGRESS -- Compartmentalization -- Building and Maintaining the Infrastructure -- AN INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE FOR CLIMATE PREDICTION (IRICP) -- GOALS AND CLIVAR -- REFERENCES -- APPENDICES -- A. MEMBERS OF THE TOGA PANEL -- B. TOGA PRODUCTS -- C. ACRONYMS AND OTHER ABBREVIATIONS."]
[null,null,null,"Sommario/riassunto","The TOGA (Tropical Ocean and Global Atmosphere) Program was designed to study short-term climate variations. A 10-year international program, TOGA made El Nino a household word. This book chronicles the cooperative efforts of oceanographers and meteorologists, several U.S. government agencies, many other nations, and international scientific organizations to study El Nino and the Southern Oscillation (ENSO). It describes the progression from being unable to detect the development of large climate variations to being able to make and use rudimentary climate predictions, especially for some tropical countries. It examines the development of the TOGA Program, evaluates its accomplishments, describes U.S. participation in the program, and makes general recommendations for developing better understanding and predictions of climate variations on seasonal to interannual time scales."]