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[null,null,"Titolo",null,"Research on sentencing : the search for reform / / Alfred Blumstein ... [et al.], editors ; Panel on Sentencing Research, Committee on Research on Law Enforcement and the Administration of Justice, Commission on Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education, National Research Council"]
[null,null,"Pubbl/distr/stampa",null,"Washington, D.C., : National Academy Press, 1983-"]
[null,null,"ISBN",null,"9786610245901"]
[{"$nulls":4},"9781280245909"]
[{"$nulls":4},"1280245905"]
[{"$nulls":4},"9780309563925"]
[{"$nulls":4},"0309563925"]
[{"$nulls":4},"9780585194967"]
[{"$nulls":4},"0585194963"]
[null,null,"Edizione",null,"[1st ed.]"]
[null,null,"Descrizione fisica",null,"v. <1>"]
[null,null,"Disciplina",null,"345.73/0772"]
[{"$nulls":4},"347.305772"]
[null,null,"Soggetti",null,"Sentences (Criminal procedure) - United States"]
[{"$nulls":4},"Sentences (Criminal procedure) - United States - States"]
[null,null,"Lingua di pubblicazione",null,"Inglese"]
[null,null,"Formato",null,"Materiale a stampa"]
[null,null,null,"Livello bibliografico","Monografia"]
[null,null,null,"Note generali","Bibliographic Level Mode of Issuance: Monograph"]
[null,null,null,"Nota di bibliografia","Bibliography: v. 1, p. 283-307."]
[null,null,"Nota di contenuto",null,"Research on Sentencing: The Search for Reform -- Copyright -- Contents -- Preface -- Summary -- INTRODUCTION -- BACKGROUND -- The Sentencing Reform Movement -- Goals of Sentencing -- SCOPE OF THE STUDY -- DETERMINANTS OF SENTENCES -- INTRODUCTION: DISCRIMINATION AND DISPARITY -- THE RANGE OF VARIABLES CONSIDERED AND THEIR EXPLANATORY POWER -- THE PRIMARY DETERMINANTS OF SENTENCES -- DISCRIMINATION BY RACE -- Prison Populations -- The Sentencing Process -- DISCRIMINATION BY SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS -- DISCRIMINATION BY SEX -- CASE-PROCESSING VARIABLES -- DISPARITY -- STRUCTURING SENTENCING DECISIONS -- POLICY AND TECHNICAL CHOICES -- DEVELOPING, IMPLEMENTING, AND ENFORCING NEW SENTENCING POLICIES -- ASSESSMENT OF THE EFFECTS OF NEW SENTENCING POLICIES -- THE RESULTS OF REFORMS -- THE METHODOLOGY OF IMPACT STUDIES -- SENTENCING POLICIES AND PRISON POPULATIONS -- RESEARCH "]
[{"$nulls":4},"AGENDA -- SENTENCING PRACTICE AND BEHAVIOR -- ESTIMATING THE EFFECTS OF CHANGES IN SENTENCING POLICY -- NATURAL EXPERIMENTS TO STUDY THE EFFECTS OF SENTENCING CHANGES -- 1 Introduction: Sentencing Practices and the Sentencing Reform Movement -- THE PROCESSES THAT CONSTITUTE SENTENCING -- VICTIMS AND WITNESSES -- POLICE -- PROSECUTORS -- JUDGES -- PAROLE BOARDS -- CORRECTIONS ADMINISTRATORS -- EXECUTIVE CLEMENCY: COMMUTATIONS AND PARDONS -- LEGISLATURES -- THE SYSTEM AS A WHOLE -- THE GOALS OF CRIMINAL SANCTIONS -- NORMATIVE GOALS -- FUNCTIONAL GOALS -- AMERICAN SENTENCING IN COMPARATIVE AND HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE -- CONTEMPORARY AMERICAN SENTENCING -- Prosecutors -- Parole Boards -- Trial Judges -- EUROPEAN SENTENCING SYSTEMS -- Plea Bargaining -- Parole -- Appellate Sentence Review -- THE DEVELOPMENT OF AMERICAN SENTENCING STRUCTURES AND EFFORTS TO REFORM THEM -- Colonial America -- 1790-1820: Reform of the Law -- 1820-1900: Emphasis on Prisons -- 1900-1970: The Rehabilitative Model."]
[{"$nulls":4},"THE CURRENT SENTENCING REFORM MOVEMENT -- Prison Uprisings and the Civil Rights Movement -- The Philosophy of Rights and Control of Discretion -- Demand for Accountability -- Rejection of Rehabilitation -- Disparity and Discrimination -- Crime Control -- The Role of Social Science Research in Sentencing Changes -- SCOPE OF THIS REPORT -- 2 Determinants of Sentences -- ISSUES -- THE RANGE OF VARIABLES CONSIDERED AS DETERMINANTS OF SENTENCES -- DISCRIMINATION AND DISPARITY -- Discrimination -- Disparity -- ALTERNATE METHODOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO ANALYSES OF SENTENCING -- Observation and Interviews -- Experiments -- Statistical and Combined Approaches -- FINDINGS -- METHODOLOGICAL CONCERNS -- THE PRIMARY DETERMINANTS OF SENTENCES -- Offense Seriousness -- Offender's Prior Record -- Methodological Issues -- DISCRIMINATION BY RACE -- Prison Populations -- Studies of Sentencing -- Measurement Errors and Their Consequences -- DISCRIMINATION BY SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS -- DISCRIMINATION BY SEX -- CASE-PROCESSING VARIABLES -- DISPARITY -- CONCLUSION -- 3 Structuring Sentencing Decisions -- THE VARIETY OF INNOVATIONS -- THE RETREAT FROM INDETERMINACY -- CLASSIFICATION OF OFFENSES -- REASONS REQUIREMENTS AND PRESUMPTIONS -- SENTENCING INSTITUTES -- SENTENCING COUNCILS -- ABOLITION OR REGULATION OF PLEA NEGOTIATION -- MANDATORY MINIMUM SENTENCES -- STATUTORY DETERMINATE SENTENCING LAWS (ABOLITION OF PAROLE) -- PRESUMPTIVE/PRESCRIPTIVE SENTENCING GUIDELINES AND SENTENCING COMMISSIONS -- VOLUNTARY/DESCRIPTIVE SENTENCING GUIDELINES -- PAROLE GUIDELINES -- APPELLATE SENTENCE REVIEW -- DEVELOPING GUIDELINES: MODELING AND DATA ISSUES -- MODELING PAST PRACTICE -- USING EMPIRICAL DATA -- DATA DEFINITION -- Data Collection -- Sample Design -- DEVELOPING GUIDELINES: POLICY AND TECHNICAL CHOICES -- UNAVOIDABLE POLICY CHOICES -- The Guidelines Offense -- Guilty-Plea Discounts."]
[{"$nulls":4},"Social Variables -- Urban/Rural Differences -- Comment -- PRACTICAL ISSUES IN STRUCTURING SENTENCING DISCRETION -- Approaches for Formatting and Presenting Sentencing Standards -- Organizing Principles of Guidelines Matrices -- Linking Offender Score to Current Offense -- Specificity of Sentencing Standards -- Philosophical Implications -- THE PROCESSES OF DEVELOPING, IMPLEMENTING, AND ENFORCING NEW SENTENCING STANDARDS -- DEVELOPMENT PROCESSES AND IMPLEMENTATION -- ENFORCEMENT -- Legal Authority -- Review Mechanisms -- 4 Sentencing Reforms and Their "]
[{"$nulls":4},"Effects -- COMPLIANCE WITH SENTENCING REFORMS -- ABOLITION OF PLEA BARGAINING -- MANDATORY SENTENCING LAWS -- DETERMINATE SENTENCING IN CALIFORNIA -- SENTENCING GUIDELINES -- PAROLE REFORMS -- Parole Abolition -- Parole Guidelines -- ADAPTIVE RESPONSES TO SENTENCING REFORMS -- ADAPTATIONS TO PLEA-BARGAINING BANS -- Alaska -- \"Hampton\" County -- Wayne County, Michigan -- MANDATORY SENTENCING LAWS -- CALIFORNIA'S DETERMINATE SENTENCING LAW -- Charging -- Plea Bargaining -- SENTENCING GUIDELINES -- PAROLE GUIDELINES -- THE USE AND SEVERITY OF SANCTIONS -- PLEA-BARGAINING BANS -- MANDATORY MINIMUM SENTENCING LAWS -- CALIFORNIA'S DETERMINATE SENTENCING LAW -- Trends in Prison Use -- Factors Contributing to Increased Prison Use -- Impact on Length and Disparity of Prison Terms -- SENTENCING GUIDELINES -- PAROLE GUIDELINES -- Departure Rates -- Changes in Disparity and Severity -- CONCLUSIONS -- SUBSTANTIVE FINDINGS -- Formal Compliance -- Adaptive Responses -- Sentencing Outcomes, Disparity, and Marginal Cases -- METHODOLOGICAL CONCERNS -- The Need for Extended Observation Periods -- The Need for Outcome Measures at All Levels of Case Processing -- The Need for Adequate Controls for Changes in Case Attributes -- The Need for Qualitative Analysis of System Functioning."]
[{"$nulls":4},"5 Sentencing Policies and Their Impact on Prison Populations -- CHANGES IN PRISON POPULATIONS AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS -- INCREASES IN PRISON POPULATIONS -- PRISON CAPACITY AND CONDITIONS OF CONFINEMENT -- Inmate Health and Behavior -- Determinate Sentencing and Institutional Programs -- Inmate Misconduct, Disciplinary Procedures, and Determinate Sentencing -- PROJECTION OF PRISON POPULATIONS: NEED, TECHNOLOGY, AND USES -- NEED FOR PROJECTIONS OF PRISON POPULATIONS -- PROJECTION METHODS: THEIR USES AND SHORTCOMINGS -- Naive Projections Using the Existing Situation as a Baseline -- Extrapolations of Time-Series Data -- Use of Predictor Variables -- Projections Based on Demographic-Specific Incarceration Rates -- Disaggregated Flow Models -- Microsimulation Models -- ESTIMATING THE EFFECTS OF SENTENCING POLICY CHANGES ON PRISON POPULATIONS -- ALTERNATIVE STRATEGIES FOR HANDLING INCREASING PRISON POPULATIONS -- INCREASING PRISON CAPACITY: THE POPULATION-CONSTRUCTION NEXUS -- ALTERNATIVES TO INCARCERATION -- MECHANISMS TO CONTROL INFLOW AND RELEASE OF PRISONERS -- IMPACT OF ALTERNATIVE STRATEGIES -- 6 Research Agenda for the Study of Sentencing -- GENERAL RESEARCH STRATEGY -- A BALANCED PROGRAM -- CAPITALIZING ON NATURAL EXPERIMENTS: THE IMPORTANCE OF TIMING -- DATA NEEDS -- DIVERSIFYING RESEARCH APPROACHES -- DETERMINANTS OF SENTENCES -- DISCRIMINATION -- CASE-PROCESSING VARIABLES -- DISPARITY -- PUBLIC OPINION -- RESEARCH APPROACHES -- STRUCTURING SENTENCING DECISIONS -- PREDICTION RESEARCH AND SELECTIVE INCAPACITATION -- APPELLATE REVIEW -- IMPLEMENTATION OF NEW POLICIES -- EFFECTS OF SENTENCING REFORMS -- SENTENCING POLICY AND PRISONS -- References -- APPENDIX A Participants, Conference on Sentencing Research -- APPENDIX B Biographical Sketches, Panel Members and Staff."]