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[null,null,"Titolo",null,"Current trends in contrastive linguistics : functional and cognitive perspectives / / edited by Maria de los Angeles Gomez Gonzalez, J. Lachlan Mackenzie, Elsa M. Gonzalez Alvarez"]
[null,null,"Pubbl/distr/stampa",null,"Amsterdam ; ; Philadelphia, : John Benjamins, c2008"]
[null,null,"ISBN",null,"9786612104725"]
[{"$nulls":4},"9781282104723"]
[{"$nulls":4},"1282104721"]
[{"$nulls":4},"9789027289681"]
[{"$nulls":4},"9027289689"]
[null,null,"Edizione",null,"[1st ed.]"]
[null,null,"Descrizione fisica",null,"xxi, 333 p. : ill., map"]
[null,null,"Collana",null,"Studies in functional and structural linguistics, , 0165-7712 ; ; v. 60"]
[null,null,"Disciplina",null,"410"]
[null,null,"Soggetti",null,"Contrastive linguistics"]
[{"$nulls":4},"Grammar, Comparative and general - Phonology, Comparative"]
[null,null,"Lingua di pubblicazione",null,"Inglese"]
[null,null,"Formato",null,"Materiale a stampa"]
[null,null,null,"Livello bibliografico","Monografia"]
[null,null,null,"Note generali","Bibliographic Level Mode of Issuance: Monograph"]
[null,null,null,"Nota di bibliografia","Includes bibliographical references and indexes."]
[null,null,"Nota di contenuto",null,"Current Trends in Contrastive Linguistics -- Editorial page -- Title page -- LCC data -- Table of contents -- Contributors -- Abbreviations used in glosses -- Introduction -- 1. Grammatical categories in contrast -- 2. Contrastive linguistics and corpus studies -- 3. Meaning and cognition from a contrastive perspective -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Part 1 . Grammatical categories in contrast -- Ways of impersonalizing -- 1. Introduction -- 2. What is a third person plural impersonal construction? -- 2.1 Vague vs. impersonal reference -- 2.2 Impersonal vs. generic -- 2.3 The commonality of 3pl impersonals -- 3. The referents of the 3pl -- 4. Verbal impersonals -- 4.1 Reflexive impersonals -- 4.2 Participle impersonals -- 4.3 Agentless passives -- 5. Concluding remarks -- References -- Construing reference in context -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Context and the construal of reference -- 3. Structures -- 3.1 Finnish -- 3.1.1 Passive in Finnish -- 3.1.2 Zero person construction in Finnish -- 3.2 French -- 3.2.1 Passive in French -- 3.2.2 The pronoun on in French -- 4. Functions -- 5. Data -- 6. Non-specific reference forms in CMC -- 6.1 Non-specific reference in the Finnish data -- 6.2 Non-specific reference in the French data -- 6.2.1 French passive constructions -- 6.2.2 The pronoun on -- 7. Conclusions -- References -- The contrast between pronoun position "]
[{"$nulls":4},"in European Portuguese and Castilian Spanish -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The clause-initial P1 position -- 3. Clitics in FG -- 3.1 Clitics and the Wackernagel position -- 3.2 An aside on Brazilian Portuguese -- 3.3 An aside on a challenge to the clitic analysis -- 4. Enclisis and proclisis in EP and CS -- 5. The position of the verb in EP and CS -- 6. The subject in EP and in CS -- 7. Conclusion -- References -- Modals and typology -- 1. Modality as a typological category -- 1.1 Defining modality."]
[{"$nulls":4},"1.2 Prototypes in cognitive psychology and lexical semantics -- 1.3 Prototypes in grammar -- 1.4 Prototypes in typology -- 1.5 Prototypes and modality -- 1.6 A typological cluster approach to modality -- 1.6.1 Possibility and necessity -- 1.6.2 Epistemic and deontic -- 1.6.3 Subjectivity -- 1.6.4 Extremes of the modality scale -- 2. Using the criteria - English -- 3. Using the criteria - German and English in contrast -- 4. Conclusion -- References -- Part 2 . Contrastive linguistics and corpus studies -- Parallel texts and corpus-based contrastive analysis -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Parallel concordancing -- 2.1 Alignment -- 2.2 Sorting the results -- 2.3 Advanced Search -- 3. Frequency information -- 4. Finding translations -- 4.1 Hot Words and Translation -- 5. Parallel Search -- 6. Summary -- References -- Machine translation and human translation -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Why MT Matters -- 3. MT and the human translator -- 4. Evaluation of machine translation -- 5. Experimenting with the evaluation of MT as a pedagogical exercise -- 5.1 METRA -- 5.2 Using corpora to find 'genuine' examples -- 6. TrAva and evaluation of MT -- 6.1 Classification of errors - problems -- 6.2 Classification of errors - possible solutions -- 7. Student projects and research -- 7.1 Lexical problems - collocation, synonymy and polysemy -- 7.2 Lexical + syntactic problems - homographs, closed system words, lexical bundles/multi-word units, clichés, idioms -- 8. Future research possibilities -- 8.1 METRA and corpora work for contrastive linguistics -- 8.2 TrAva - possible developments -- 8.3 CORTA and the METRA logs -- 9. Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Linguateca Links -- Basically speaking' -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Corpora and analytical tools -- 3. Frequencies of the adverbs in the corpora -- 4. Collocational analysis -- 4.1 Methodology."]
[{"$nulls":4},"4.2 The English adverbs -- 4.2.1 Basically -- 4.2.2 Essentially -- 4.2.3 Fundamentally -- 4.3 The Spanish adverbs -- 4.3.1 Básicamente -- 4.3.2 Esencialmente -- 4.3.3 Fundamentalmente -- 4.4 Overall comparison -- 5. Syntactic properties -- 5.1 The English adverbs -- 5.2 The Spanish adverbs -- 6. Conclusions -- 6.1 Frequency distribution of the adverbs -- 6.2 Collocational profiles -- 6.3 Syntactic properties -- References -- Causative make and faire -- 1. Introduction -- 2. English and French causative constructions: Apparent equivalence -- 3. Collecting the data -- 4. Features of causative make and faire in a comparable corpus -- 4.1 Identity between make and faire? -- 4.2 Make included in faire? -- 4.3 Partial overlap between make and faire -- 5. Equivalence of causative make and faire in a parallel corpus -- 5.1 Translation and back-translation -- 5.2 Mutual correspondence -- 5.3 Congruent constructions -- 5.4 Alternative equivalents -- 5.4.1 Equivalents of causative faire -- 5.4.2 Equivalents of causative make -- 6. Causative make and faire: Deceptive equivalence -  and some implications -- 7. Conclusion -- References -- Part 3 . Meaning and cognition from  a contrastive perspective -- Universal human concepts as a basis for contrastive linguistic semantics -- 1. A tertium comparationis for contrastive semantics -- 1.1 No comparisons without 'terms of comparison' -- 1.2 The NSM metalanguage -- 2. Yearning-missing\" words in Polish, Russian and Spanish -- 2.1 Polish tęsknota (verb form: tęsknić) -- 2.2 "]
[{"$nulls":4},"Russian toska -- 2.3 Spanish and Galician morriña -- 2.4 Review and coda -- 3. Diminutives\" in Spanish and Australian English -- 3.1 Two meanings of the Spanish diminutive -- 3.2 The Australian English \"diminutive\" -- 4. Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Subjective construal as a 'fashion of speaking' in Japanese -- 1. Introduction."]
[{"$nulls":4},"2. Langacker on subjective and objective construal -- 3. Three proposals for revision -- 4. An example -- 5. Further examples -- 6. Perceiver-less sentences -- 7. Subject-object merger: A philosophical implication -- 8. Tense alternation -- 9. Speaker-writer responsibility vs. listener-reader responsibility -- 10. Concluding remarks: With special reference to Herrfahrdt's  notion of Japanese as 'Erlebnissprache' (1936) -- References -- Grammatical metonymy within the 'action' frame in English and Spanish -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Metaphor and metonymy -- 2.1 Domains and mappings -- 2.2 Metaphor, metonymy and cognitive prominence -- 2.3 Constraints on metaphor and on metonymy -- 3. Levels of description and grammatical metonymy -- 3.1 Grammatical metonymy: Single mappings -- 3.1.1 Categorial conversion -- 3.1.2 Subcategorial conversion -- 3.1.3 Enriched composition -- 3.1.4 Parametrization -- 3.2 Grammatical metonymy and metonymic chains -- 4. Contrastive analysis: The case of Spanish reflex passives -- 4.1 The English inchoative vs. the Spanish reflex (passive) construction -- 4.2 The English internal attribute construction vs. the Spanish evaluative reflex construction -- 4.3 Instrument-subject evaluative constructions in Spanish and English -- 4.4 Metonymy and contrasts -- 5. Conclusion -- References -- Towards a constructionist, usage-based account of secondary predication with verba dicendi et declarandi in English and Spanish* -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Constructional polysemy and the subjective-transitive construction in English and Spanish -- 3. Coercion within the declarative subjective-transitive construction -- 3.1 Some preliminaries regarding coercion -- 3.2 Coercion via a reflexive pronoun -- 3.3 Coercion via the imperative -- 3.4 Coercion via the passive voice -- 4. Some closing remarks -- References -- Index of terms -- Index of languages."]
[{"$nulls":4},"Index of scholars -- The series Studies In Functional And Structural Linguistics."]
[null,null,null,"Sommario/riassunto","Drawing on data extracted from the British National Corpus and the Corpus de Referencia del Español Actual in conjunction with elicitation data from native speakers, this chapter constitutes a first step towards a constructionist, usage-based analysis of secondary predication with verba dicendi et declarandi (e.g., say, declare,decir 'say', declarar 'declare') in English and Spanish. Within this environment (the \"declarative subjective-transitive\" construction), at least three lower-level (i.e., item-specific) configurations can be posited in the light of coercion via a reflexive pronoun, an imperative form and the passive voice in both languages. While there is a considerable degree of similarity regarding the inventory of matrix verbs as well as the specific combinations attested in these three environments in English and Spanish, the symmetry is nonetheless far from perfect, thus corroborating the language-specific nature of constructions (Croft 2003)."]