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[null,"1.","Record Nr.",null,"UNINA9910960214803321"]
[null,null,"Titolo",null,"Pesticides in the diets of infants and children / / Committee on Pesticides in the Diets of Infants and Children, Board on Agriculture and Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology, Commission on Life Science, National Research Council"]
[null,null,"Pubbl/distr/stampa",null,"Washington, D.C., : National Academy Press, 1993"]
[null,null,"ISBN",null,"9786610196609"]
[{"$nulls":4},"9781280196607"]
[{"$nulls":4},"1280196602"]
[{"$nulls":4},"9780309585354"]
[{"$nulls":4},"030958535X"]
[{"$nulls":4},"9780585030661"]
[{"$nulls":4},"0585030669"]
[null,null,"Edizione",null,"[1st ed.]"]
[null,null,"Descrizione fisica",null,"1 online resource (401 p.)"]
[null,null,"Disciplina",null,"615.9/54"]
[null,null,"Soggetti",null,"Pediatric toxicology"]
[{"$nulls":4},"Pesticide residues in food - United States"]
[{"$nulls":4},"Pesticides - Toxicology"]
[{"$nulls":4},"Infant formulas - Contamination"]
[{"$nulls":4},"Food contamination"]
[null,null,"Lingua di pubblicazione",null,"Inglese"]
[null,null,"Formato",null,"Materiale a stampa"]
[null,null,null,"Livello bibliografico","Monografia"]
[null,null,null,"Note generali","Bibliographic Level Mode of Issuance: Monograph"]
[null,null,null,"Nota di bibliografia","Includes bibliographical references and index."]
[null,null,"Nota di contenuto",null,"PESTICIDES in the DIETS OF INFANTS AND CHILDREN -- Copyright -- Preface -- Contents -- Executive Summary -- CONCLUSIONS -- Age-Related Variation in Susceptibility and Toxicity -- Age-Related Differences in Exposure -- A New Approach to Risk Assessment for Infants and Children -- RECOMMENDATIONS -- 1 Background and Approach to the Study -- PESTICIDE USE -- PESTICIDE CONTROL LEGISLATION -- APPROACH TO THE STUDY -- REFERENCES -- 2 Special Characteristics of Children -- GROWTH -- Normal Human Growth -- Human Compared to Animal Infants -- Toxicologic Implications of Growth in Cell Numbers and Size -- Toxicologic Implications of the Growth and Development of Organs -- Toxicologic Implications of Changes in Body Composition -- DEVELOPMENT -- Genetics, Development, and the Environment -- Metabolism -- Developmental "]
[{"$nulls":4},"Toxicity Studies -- CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS -- Conclusions -- Recommendations -- REFERENCES -- 3 Perinatal and Pediatric Toxicity -- ACUTE TOXICITY -- NEUROTOXICITY -- Postnatal Effects of Neurotoxicants -- Measuring Neurotoxic Effects in Humans -- The Lead Model -- Pesticides as Neurotoxicants -- Effects of Pesticides in Children -- Levels of Pesticides Affecting Children -- Comparability of Neurotoxicity Effects in Laboratory Animals -- IMMUNOTOXICITY -- Effects of Environmental Agents on the Immune System -- Animal Studies -- Studies in Humans -- CARCINOGENESIS AND MUTAGENESIS -- Carcinogenesis in the Developing Organism -- Animal Studies -- Human Studies -- METABOLISM AND PHARMACOKINETICS -- Dermal and Pulmonary Exposure -- Oral Exposure -- Absorption -- Other Factors Affecting Oral Absorption -- Distribution and Uptake of Chemicals -- Retention -- Metabolism of Xenobiotic Compounds -- Excretion -- SCALING AND REGRESSION ANALYSIS -- Body Weight -- Other Effects of Body Size -- Surface Area -- Metabolic Rate -- Regression Analysis."]
[{"$nulls":4},"CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS -- Conclusions -- Recommendations -- REFERENCES -- 4 Methods for Toxicity Testing -- CURRENT METHODS: GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS -- ACUTE TOXICITY STUDIES -- General Description -- EPA's Proposed Changes -- SUBCHRONIC TOXICITY STUDIES -- General Description -- EPA's Proposed Changes -- CHRONIC TOXICITY STUDIES -- General Description -- EPA's Proposed Changes -- DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY STUDIES -- General Description -- EPA's Proposed Changes -- REPRODUCTION STUDIES -- General Description -- EPA's Proposed Changes -- MUTAGENICITY STUDIES -- General Description -- EPA's Proposed Changes -- GENERAL METABOLISM STUDIES -- General Description -- EPA's Proposed Changes -- NEUROTOXICITY STUDIES -- General Description -- EPA's Proposed Changes -- SPECIAL TESTING -- CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS -- Conclusions -- Recommendations -- REFERENCES -- 5 Food and Water Consumption -- FOOD CONSUMPTION SURVEYS -- SURVEY METHODOLOGY -- Retrospective Methods -- The 24-Hour (or 1-Day) Recall Method -- Food Frequency Questionnaires -- Prospective Methods -- Food Records or Diaries -- Combined Retrospective and Prospective Methods -- Methods Used in USDA Surveys -- SURVEY DESIGN -- SAMPLE WEIGHTS -- SAMPLE SIZE -- COMPARISONS OF INTAKE DATA WITH STANDARDS -- VALIDATION OF FOOD CONSUMPTION DATA -- THE STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES OF THE FOOD CONSUMPTION DATA BASES IN ESTIMATING PESTICIDE EXPOSURE OF CHILDREN -- WATER INTAKE -- Dietary Sources of Water -- Water Intake Estimates -- QUANTIFICATION OF CONSUMPTION DATA -- AGE-RELATED DIFFERENCES IN DIETARY PATTERNS -- ISSUES RELATED TO THE EVALUATION OF FOOD MONITORING DATA -- Differences in Consumption Among Age Groups -- Differences in Consumption within Age Groups -- CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS -- Conclusions -- Recommendations -- REFERENCES -- 6 Pesticide Residues -- SOURCES OF DATA ON USAGE."]
[{"$nulls":4},"THE OCCURRENCE AND FATE OF PESTICIDE RESIDUES -- PESTICIDE REGISTRATION AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF ANALYTICAL METHODS -- Interregional Project Number 4 -- Universities and the ARS -- METHODS FOR SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS -- Sampling -- Analysis -- Single Residue Methods -- Multiresidue Methods -- Criteria for Selecting a Method -- Single Residue Methods or Multiresidue Methods? -- Breadth of Applicability -- Detection Limits -- Accuracy and Precision -- Speed and Cost -- Instrumentation -- Validation -- MONITORING -- Federal Activities -- State Activities -- Food "]
[{"$nulls":4},"Processing Industry Activities -- Private Laboratories -- QUALITY CONTROLS -- LIMITATIONS OF THE DATA -- Sources of Error -- Other Limitations -- PESTICIDES IN WATER -- Groundwater -- Surface Water -- The Importance of Water Data to Infants and Children -- PESTICIDES IN INFANT FORMULA -- Infant Formula Based on Cow's Milk -- Soy-Based Infant Formula -- Theoretical Maximum Residue Contributions -- PESTICIDES IN HUMAN MILK -- DDT and Metabolites -- Dieldrin -- Lindane -- Hexachlorobenzene -- Other Cyclodiene Pesticides -- Risks to Infants from Pesticides in Human Milk -- PESTICIDES IN FOODS -- The FDA Surveillance Data -- Number of FDA Samples -- Positive Detections -- Residue Levels -- Residue Distribution -- Effects of Processing -- Apple-Based Foods -- Infant Cereal -- CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS -- Conclusions -- Recommendations -- REFERENCES -- 7 Estimating Exposures -- THE USED OF FOOD CONSUMPTION AND RESIDUE DATA FOR EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT -- Food Consumption Data -- Average Levels of Consumption -- Peak Levels of Consumption -- Residue Monitoring -- Combining Residue and Exposure Data -- LONG-TERM EXPOSURE TO BENOMYL -- The Compound -- The Consumption Data -- The Residue Data -- Estimation of Exposure -- The Manufacturer's Field Trials -- The Manufacturer's Market Basket Survey."]
[{"$nulls":4},"FDA Surveillance Data -- The Food Industry -- A Certification Business -- Summary -- SHORT-TERM EXPOSURE TO ALDICARB -- The Compound -- Acute Effects of Dietary Aldicarb Exposure -- The Consumption Data -- The Residue Data -- Effects of Assumptions Regarding Residues Below the LOQ -- Estimating Dietary Exposure -- Summary -- MULTIPLE EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT: ORGANOPHOSPHATE INSECTICIDES -- Cholinesterase Inhibition -- Relative Potency of Organophosphates -- Food Consumption Data -- Residue Data -- Exposure Analysis -- Summary -- NONDIETARY EXPOSURE TO PESTICIDES -- Exposure via Parents -- Exposure Through Air -- Outdoor Air -- Indoor Air -- Exposure via Contaminated Surfaces -- Home-Use Products -- Pet Products -- Playground Equipment -- Exposure via Medications and Personal Products -- N,N-Diethyl-m-toluamide -- Lindane and Malathion -- Lanolin -- Occupational Exposures -- Exposure via Accidental Ingestion -- CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS -- Conclusions -- Recommendations -- REFERENCES -- 8 Estimating the Risks -- GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF RISK ASSESSMENT -- Toxicological Risk Assessment -- Cancer Risk Estimation -- Additivity to Background and Low-Dose Linearity -- Nonlinearity at High Doses -- Molecular Dosimetry -- Mathematical Modeling of Cancer Risk -- Species Conversion -- Benchmark Dose -- RISK ASSESSMENT FOR INFANTS AND CHILDREN -- Pharmacokinetics -- Pregnancy, Lactation, and Nursing -- Neurotoxicity -- Multiple Exposures -- Inert Ingredients -- Considerations Specific to Children -- Exposure and Low Socioeconomic Status -- Age-Dependent Toxicity -- Genetic Susceptibility -- Polymorphism in Metabolism -- Chronic Medical Conditions -- Interactions with Medication -- Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors -- Antiepileptic Pharmaceuticals -- Other Pharmaceuticals -- Carcinogenesis -- Factors That Might Increase Risk of Cancer Among Infants and Children."]
[{"$nulls":4},"Effects of Age-Dependent Exposures -- Consumption and Exposure Data -- CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS -- Conclusions -- Recommendations -- REFERENCES -- Index."]
[null,null,null,"Sommario/riassunto","Many of the pesticides applied to food crops in this country are present in foods and may pose risks to human health. Current regulations are intended to protect the health of the general population by controlling pesticide use. This book explores whether the present regulatory "]
[{"$nulls":4},"approaches adequately protect infants and children, who may differ from adults in susceptibility and in dietary exposures to pesticide residues. The committee focuses on four major areas:   Susceptibility:  Are children more susceptible or less susceptible than adults to the effects of dietary exposure to pesticides? Exposure:  What foods do infants and children eat, and which pesticides and how much of them are present in those foods? Is the current information on consumption and residues adequate to estimate exposure? Toxicity:  Are toxicity tests in laboratory animals adequate to predict toxicity in human infants and children? Do the extent and type of toxicity of some chemicals vary by species and by age? Assessing risk:  How is dietary exposure to pesticide residues associated with response? How can laboratory data on lifetime exposures of animals be used to derive meaningful estimates of risk to children? Does risk accumulate more rapidly during the early years of life?  This book will be of interest to policymakers, administrators of research in the public and private sectors, toxicologists, pediatricians and other health professionals, and the pesticide industry."]