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[null,"1.","Record Nr.",null,"UNINA9910960195203321"]
[null,null,"Titolo",null,"Inequality in Latin America : breaking with history? / / David de Ferranti ... [et al.]"]
[null,null,"Pubbl/distr/stampa",null,"Washington, DC, : The World Bank, c2004"]
[null,null,"ISBN",null,"1-280-08520-7"]
[{"$nulls":4},"9786610085200"]
[{"$nulls":4},"1-4175-2351-4"]
[null,null,"Edizione",null,"[1st ed.]"]
[null,null,"Descrizione fisica",null,"xii, 380 pages : illustrations ; ; 28 cm"]
[null,null,"Collana",null,"World Bank Latin American and Caribbean studies. Viewpoints"]
[null,null,"Disciplina",null,"305/.09729"]
[null,null,"Soggetti",null,"Equality - Latin America"]
[{"$nulls":4},"Equality - Caribbean Area"]
[{"$nulls":4},"Latin America Social conditions 1982-"]
[{"$nulls":4},"Caribbean Area Social conditions 1945-"]
[{"$nulls":4},"Latin America Economic conditions 1982-"]
[{"$nulls":4},"Caribbean Area Economic conditions 1945-"]
[null,null,"Lingua di pubblicazione",null,"Inglese"]
[null,null,"Formato",null,"Materiale a stampa"]
[null,null,null,"Livello bibliografico","Monografia"]
[null,null,null,"Note generali","Bibliographic Level Mode of Issuance: Monograph"]
[null,null,null,"Nota di bibliografia","Includes bibliographical references (p. 351-380) and index."]
[null,null,"Nota di contenuto",null,"Intro -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Summary -- Chapter 1: Introduction: Motivation and Conceptual Framework -- 1.1 A conceptual framework -- 1.2 The consequences of high inequality -- Part I: The Nature of Inequality in Latin America -- Chapter 2: Different Lives: Inequality in Latin America -- 2.1 Some conceptual issues -- 2.2 Income inequality and beyond -- 2.3 Measurement-related issues and data limitations -- 2.4 Inequality in Latin America in perspective -- 2.5 Looking inside household income -- 2.6 Inequality beyond income -- 2.7 Conclusions -- Chapter 3: Group-Based Inequalities: The Roles of Race, Ethnicity, and Gender -- 3.1 Who are the people of Latin America? -- 3.2 Inequality among individuals during the lifecycle -- 3.3 Would income inequality decline if returns to human capital were more equal? -- 3.4 Conclusions -- Part II: The Determinants of Inequality in Latin America -- Chapter 4: Historical Roots of Inequality in Latin America -- 4.1 Factor endowments, inequality, and institutions -- 4.2 The persistence of inequality: The colonial period -- 4.3 The persistence of inequality: Post-independence -- 4.4 The 20th century -- 4.5 The 21st century and beyond -- Chapter 5: State-Society Interactions as Sources of Persistence and Change in Inequality -- 5.1 "]
[{"$nulls":4},"Political and social structures as forces for the reproduction of inequality -- 5.2 The potential for equalizing political and social change -- 5.3 Conclusions -- Chapter 6: Economic Mechanisms for the Persistence of High Inequality in Latin America -- 6.1 Asset distributions: Education and land -- 6.2 Job match quality -- 6.3 Remuneration in the labor markets -- 6.4 Household formation -- 6.5 Conclusions -- Part III: Policies for Lower Inequality -- Chapter 7: Policies on Assets and Services -- 7.1 Education -- 7.2 Property rights, land, and housing."]
[{"$nulls":4},"7.3 Infrastructure services and the distributional impact of privatization -- 7.4 Conclusions -- Chapter 8: Policies on Markets and Institutions -- 8.1 Markets and inequality -- 8.2 Labor market policies and inequality -- 8.3 Inequality and macroeconomic crises -- 8.4 Conclusions -- Chapter 9: Taxation, Public Expenditures, and Transfers -- 9.1 Taxes and distribution -- 9.2 Public social spending and distribution -- 9.3 Cash transfers and distribution -- 9.4 Conclusions -- Statistical Appendix -- Bibliography -- Boxes -- Chapter 1 -- 1.1 Measuring inequality of opportunities in Brazil -- Chapter 2 -- 2.1 Social class -- 2.2 Mobility in Latin America: What little is known? -- 2.3 Some simple decompositions -- 2.4 Social capital and trust -- 2.5 Disability and distribution -- Chapter 3 -- 3.1 Distribution of the population of the Americas: An historical evolution -- 3.2 Todos Contamos: National census and social inclusion -- 3.3 The challenge of racial, ethnic, and gender identification and measurement -- 3.4 What if we do hold \"all else constant?\" -- 3.5 Women's other job: Housework -- 3.6 Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition methodology -- 3.7 Econometric methodology -- Chapter 5 -- 5.1 Racial inequality and social spending: Evidence from the United States and Europe -- 5.2 Clientelism and the underprovision of public services in the Dominican Republic -- 5.3 Are there political and social reasons for the contrast between Latin America and East Asia? -- 5.4 Political agency and the potential for redistributive strategy in rich countries: Lessons from the OECD -- 5.5 Increased equity through taxation and social spending in a democratic Chile -- 5.6 Failed redistributive efforts in a fragmented democracy: Social security reforms in Brazil -- 5.7 Neopopulism and policies on social funds in Peru."]
[{"$nulls":4},"5.8 Transition at the sectoral level? Mexico's targeted antipoverty programs -- 5.9 Popular budgeting in Porto Alegre: Explaining a transition to a new political equilibrium -- 5.10 Local contexts and the transition from clientelism: Ibagué versus Pasto -- Chapter 6 -- 6.1 Schematic representation of household income determination -- Chapter 7 -- 7.1 Business elites and the fear of education: Is there a low-road trap? Evidence from northeastern Brazil and the southern U -- 7.2 Bilingual education: Preserving cultural heritage without being left behind -- 7.3 The poverty reduction potential of land in rural Mexico -- Chapter 8 -- 8.1 Alternative views on the potential impact of market-oriented reforms and inequality -- 8.2 The evolution of small-scale firms in the \"Third Italy\" -- 8.3 Unions, firms, and the expansion of high-value export crops in Petrolina-Juazeiro in northeastern Brazil -- 8.4 Institutions, macroeconomic policy, and volatility -- Chapter 9 -- 9.1 Do tax incidence numbers mean much? -- 9.2 Issues in the valuation of public services -- 9.3 Summarizing benefit incidence using Gini income elasticities (GIE) -- Figures -- Summary -- 1. Difference in average years of education between top and bottom quintiles for people 31-40 and 51-60, in 2000 -- 2. Trends in income inequality in Latin America between the early 1990s and early 2000s -- 3. The elasticity of poverty reduction with respect to growth for different levels of inequality -- 4. Wages of various groups in relation to the wages of "]
[{"$nulls":4},"white males -- 5. Marital sorting and income inequality -- 6. Distribution of mathematics and reading test scores for 15-year-olds in Brazil, Mexico, and OECD countries -- 7. Tax revenue in relation to GDP per capita -- 8. Average and marginal incidence of access to various health services."]
[{"$nulls":4},"9. Targeting to the poor and reach among the poor for different types of programs in Brazil -- Chapter 1 -- (Box 1.1) Inequality of opportunities as a share of total inequality, 1996 -- 1.1 A simple conceptual framework -- 1.2 Perceptions of fairness regarding the income distribution in Latin America -- 1.3 Inequality and poverty with a constant mean -- 1.4 Growth elasticities become less negative with inequality -- Chapter 2 -- 2.1 Income shares by deciles (household per capita income) -- 2.2 Household per capita income distribution, excluding the richest 1 percent, Mexico, 2000 -- 2.3 Equivalized household income -- 2.4 Indices of aggregate welfare for Argentina under alternative assumptions of a society's aversion to inequality -- 2.5 Brazil's consumption inequality in international perspective -- 2.6 Distribution of household per capita income, per region, 1990s -- 2.7 Difference in average years of education between top and bottom quintiles, per country -- 2.8 Hourly wage gap between skilled and unskilled workers, men aged 25 to 55 -- 2.9 Hourly wage gap between semi-skilled and unskilled workers, men aged 25 to 55 -- 2.10 Increase in hourly wages for college-educated workers, men aged 25 to 55 -- 2.11 Labor market outcomes by gender -- 2.12 Ratio of number of children under age 12 years of age per household between bottom and top quintiles -- 2.13 School enrollment rates by age and country -- 2.14 Gaps in access to services, by country -- Chapter 3 -- (Box 3.1) The changing ethnic composition of the Americas -- 3.1 Completed primary education or less, by race, ethnicity, and gender -- 3.2 Proportion of workers in service or managerial occupations, by group and country -- 3.3 Wage gaps by race/ethnicity and gender -- 3.4 Urban gender wage gap-ratio of women's hourly wages to men's hourly wages."]
[{"$nulls":4},"(Box 3.7) a. Nonindigenous male vs. American Indian male (simulating earnings regression coefficients) -- (Box 3.7) b. Nonindigenous male vs. American Indian male (simulating only education) -- (Box 3.7) c. Nonindigenous male vs. American Indian male (simulating both a and b) -- 3.5 Actual and simulated earnings distributions for white and indigenous men in Bolivia -- 3.6 Actual and simulated earnings distributions for Indo-Guyanese men and women -- Chapter 5 -- 5.1 The syndrome of weak and unequal states: correlations between the rule of law and development outcomes -- 5.2 Political financing and its impact, by type -- 5.3 Impact of bribes in shaping policy, according to a survey of firms by a recipient group, Peru, 2001 -- 5.4 The rise and fall of the labor share in Argentina -- Chapter 6 -- 6.1 Income and education inequalities across countries -- 6.2 Lorenz curves of years of schooling, selected countries -- 6.3 Difference in mean incomes per hundredth of the mean-normalized distribution: U.S.-Brazil and U.S.-Brazil (with U.S. conditional distribution of education) -- 6.4 Income and land inequalities across countries -- 6.5 Labor force participation and inequality across countries -- 6.6 Unemployment and inequality across countries -- 6.7 Informality and inequality across countries -- 6.8 Returns on schooling and inequality across countries -- 6.9 Distribution of and returns on education explain some of the differences between income distributions -- 6.10 Marital sorting and inequality across countries -- 6.11 Youth dependency and inequality across countries -- 6.12 Old-age dependency and inequality across countries -- 6.13 The role of reproductive behavior in accounting for "]
[{"$nulls":4},"differences in income distribution between Brazil and the United States -- 6.14 Total public spending and income inequality."]
[{"$nulls":4},"6.15 Public expenditure on primary education and income inequality."]
[null,null,null,"Sommario/riassunto","With the exception of Sub-Saharan Africa, Latin America and the Caribbean has been one of the regions of the world with the greatest inequality. Inequality in Latin America and the Caribbean: Breaking with History? explores why the region suffers from such persistent inequality, identifies how it hampers development, and suggests ways to achieve greater equity in the distribution of wealth, incomes and opportunities. The study draws on data from 20 countries based on household surveys covering 3.6 million people, and reviews extensive economic, sociological and political science studies on inequality in Latin America. To address the deep historical roots of inequality in Latin America, and the powerful contemporary economic, political and social mechanisms that sustain it, Inequality in Latin America and the Caribbean outlines four broad areas for action by governments and civil society groups to break this destructive pattern: Build more open political and social institutions, that allow the poor and historically subordinate groups to gain a greater share of agency, voice and power in society.; Ensure that economic institutions and policies seek greater equity, through sound macroeconomic management and equitable, efficient crisis resolution institutions, that avoid the large regressive redistributions that occur during crises, and that allow for saving in good times to enhance access by the poor to social safety nets in bad times. Increase access by the poor to high-quality public services, especially education, health, water and electricity, as well as access to farmland and the rural services. Protect and enforce the property rights of the urban poor. Reform income transfer programs so that they reach the poorest families."]