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[null,"1.","Record Nr.",null,"UNINA9910958663403321"]
[null,null,"Titolo",null,"Variation and reconstruction / / edited by Thomas D. Cravens"]
[null,null,"Pubbl/distr/stampa",null,"Amsterdam ; ; Philadelphia, : Johns Benjamins Pub., c2006"]
[null,null,"ISBN",null,"9786613092342"]
[{"$nulls":4},"9789027285256"]
[{"$nulls":4},"902728525X"]
[{"$nulls":4},"9781283092340"]
[{"$nulls":4},"1283092344"]
[null,null,"Edizione",null,"[1st ed.]"]
[null,null,"Descrizione fisica",null,"1 online resource (232 p.)"]
[null,null,"Collana",null,"Amsterdam studies in the theory and history of linguistic science. Series IV, Current issues in linguistic theory, , 0304-0763 ; ; v. 268"]
[null,null,"Disciplina",null,"417/.2"]
[null,null,"Soggetti",null,"Language and languages - Variation"]
[{"$nulls":4},"Reconstruction (Linguistics)"]
[null,null,"Lingua di pubblicazione",null,"Inglese"]
[null,null,"Formato",null,"Materiale a stampa"]
[null,null,null,"Livello bibliografico","Monografia"]
[null,null,null,"Note generali","Bibliographic Level Mode of Issuance: Monograph"]
[null,null,null,"Nota di bibliografia","Includes bibliographical references and index."]
[null,null,"Nota di contenuto",null,"VARIATION AND RECONSTRUCTION -- Editorial page -- Title page -- Copyright page -- Table of contents -- FOREWORD -- VARIATION AND RECONSTRUCTION INTRODUCTION -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Overview -- 3. Naturalness -- 4. Granularity -- 5. Methodologies f or reconstructing variation -- 6. The role of the speaker -- 7. Conclusion -- REFERENCES -- MICROVARIABILITY IN TIME AND SPACE RECONSTRUCTING THE PAST FROM THE PRESENT -- 1. Background -- 1.1. Italian's Tuscan origins -- 1.2. The state of the question -- 2. /p t k/ in Tuscany today -- 2.1 The stereotypical norm -- 2.2 Variation in modern Tuscan - beyond spirantization -- 2.3 Variation in the valley of Buti -- 3. The hypothesis -- 4. Other evidence -- 4.1 Old Tuscan variants -- 4.2 Toponyms -- 5. Summary -- 6. Conclusion -- REFERENCES -- Appendix. Tuscan toponyms with voicing -- RECONSTRUCTING VARIATION AT SHALLOW TIME DEPTHS THE HISTORICAL PHONETICS OF 19TH CENTURY GERMAN DIALECTS IN THE U.S. -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Real-time data and shallow time-depth reconstruction -- 3. VOT data from Standard German, American English and German dialects -- 4. Dane County Kölsch -- 5. VOT variation in Dane County Kölsch -- 6. A note on English VOTs of Kölsch speakers -- 7. Conclusion: What does this mean for the study of variation and reconstruction? -- REFERENCES -- SOCIAL AND STRUCTURAL FACTORS "]
[{"$nulls":4},"IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF DUTCH URBAN DIALECTS IN THEEARLY MODERN PERIOD -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Demographics of early modern European cities -- 3. Case study: The Hague in the 17th century -- 4. Conclusion -- REFERENCES -- REDUCTION OF VARIATION AS A FEATURE OF THE STANDARDIZATION OF CASTILIAN SPANISH AROUND 1500 -- REFERENCES -- ON PROJECTING VARIATION BACK INTO A PROTO-LANGUAGE WITH PARTICULAR ATTENTION TO GERMANIC EVIDENCE AND SOME THOUGHTS ON \"DRIFT -- 1. Introduction."]
[{"$nulls":4},"2. Methodological preliminaries and some (relatively) easy case studies involving phonology -- 3. Similar cases involving morphology and the lexicon -- 4. Some problems and consequences for reconstruction -- 5. Towards solutions - Cases where proto-variation makes sense -- 6. Some concluding remarks -- REFERENCES -- VARIATION OF DIRECT SPEECH COMPLEMENTIZERS IN ACHAEMENID ARAMAIC DOCUMENTS FROM FIFTH CENTURY B.C.E. EGYPT -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Diachronic considerations -- 2.1. Etymological origins -- 2.2. Diachronic distribution -- 3. Syntactic features -- 3.1 Pmr as a complementizer -- 3.2 lm as a complementizer -- 3.3 Summary -- 4. Legal expressions using direct speech -- 4.1 The praescriptio -- 4.2 Waiver clauses -- 4.3 Complaint and penalty clauses -- 4.4 Divorce clause -- 4.5 Summary -- 5. Sociolinguistic factors -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Problematic sociolinguistic features -- 5.3 Principal -- 5.4 Individual scribal practice -- 6. Conclusions -- REFERENCES -- LANGUAGE CHANGE AND THE SPEAKERON THE DISCOURSE OF HISTORICAL LINGUISTICS -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Speaker-based accounts in historical linguistics -- 3. Intentionality and change -- 4. On the discourse of historical linguistics -- 5. Ideological influences on descriptive language histories -- 6. Sociolinguistics and language change -- 7. The Final Release Rule in Newcastle -- 8. Concluding remarks -- REFERENCES -- PREFIXVARIATION AND RECONSTRUCTION -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Hmong-Mien nominal prefixes today: form, function, and distribution -- 2.1 Prefix form and function -- 2.2 Age of the prefix system and distribution of prefixes within the family -- 3. Cross-linguistic prefix variation -- 4. Prefix pre-emption -- 5. Nominal prefixes within the context of proto-Hmong-Mien disyllabism -- 5.1 The interpretation of consonant clusters -- 5.2 The disyllabic origins of tonal morphology."]
[{"$nulls":4},"5.3 Connections to external disyllabics -- 6. Conclusion -- REFERENCES -- ON RECONSTRUCTING A LINGUISTIC CONTINUUM IN CAPE DUTCH (1710-1840) -- 1. Setting -- 2. Postulates regarding the instantiation of variation in Cape Dutch -- 3. A linguistic continuum at the Cape (1710-1840) -- 4. Further to the reconstruction of sociolinguistic space at the old Cape -- 5. Conclusion -- REFERENCES -- THE RECONSTRUCTION OF VARIABILITY IN PROTO-GERMANIC GENDER -- Formulaic Reconstruction -- Approaching variation -- Gender -- Variable assignment of gender to specific nouns -- Variation in gender resolution rules -- Variation in gender marking strategies and the agreement hierarchy -- Variationist Theory and the Evaluation of a Reconstruction -- REFERENCES -- VARIATION AS A REFLECTION OF CONTACT NOTES FROM SOUTHEAST ASIA -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The data -- 3. Systematic variation in proto: probably contact -- 4. Conclusions -- REFERENCES -- INDEX OF CONCEPTS AND LANGUAGES -- The series Current Issues in Linguistic Theory."]
[null,null,null,"Sommario/riassunto","The relation of language variation to reconstructed languages and to the methodology of reconstruction has long been neglected. The articles in the present volume consider this relationship from a number of different angles, with a number of different focuses. Several of the "]
[{"$nulls":4},"papers discuss evidence from Germanic, either Proto-Germanic (Joseph, Schwink), or daughter languages such as Dutch (Goss & Howell), Afrikaans (Roberge), Newcastle English (Milroy), and a Wisconsin German dialect (Geiger & Salmons). Other papers look at Italian (Cravens), Spanish (Harris-Northall), and the non-Indo-European languages or families Aramaic (Miller), and Proto-Hmong-Mien (Ratliff), and the Southeast Asian languages Phan Rang Cham and Tsat (Thurgood). In doing so they bring together a number of interconnected issues which are of current concern in comparative and historical linguistics."]