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[null,"1.","Record Nr.",null,"UNINA9910953648703321"]
[null,null,"Titolo",null,"On the take : : Criminalizing illicit enrichment to fight corruption / / Lindy Muzila ... [and others]"]
[null,null,"Pubbl/distr/stampa",null,"Washington, D.C. : , : World Bank, , 2012"]
[null,null,"ISBN",null,"0-8213-9596-3"]
[null,null,"Edizione",null,"[1st ed.]"]
[null,null,"Descrizione fisica",null,"pages cm"]
[null,null,"Disciplina",null,"345/.02323"]
[null,null,"Soggetti",null,"Unjust enrichment (International law)"]
[{"$nulls":4},"International law"]
[null,null,"Lingua di pubblicazione",null,"Inglese"]
[null,null,"Formato",null,"Materiale a stampa"]
[null,null,null,"Livello bibliografico","Monografia"]
[null,null,null,"Note generali","Bibliographic Level Mode of Issuance: Monograph"]
[null,null,null,"Nota di bibliografia","Includes bibliographical references."]
[null,null,"Nota di contenuto",null,"Intro -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- Executive Summary -- Introduction: Purpose of the Study -- Methodology -- How to Use This Study -- 1. The Basis of Illicit Enrichment -- 1.1 The Rationale for Criminalizing Illegal Enrichment -- 1.2 The Prosecution of Illicit Enrichment -- 1.3 Origins and Development of the Offense -- 2. Defining Illicit Enrichment -- 2.1 International and Domestic Definitions -- 2.2 Elements of the Offense -- 2.2.1 Persons of Interest -- 2.2.2 Period of Interest or Period of Check -- 2.2.3 Significant Increase in Assets -- 2.2.4 Intent -- 2.2.5 Absence of Justification -- 2.3 Observations -- 3. Human Rights and Constitutional Aspects -- 3.1 The Main Principles at Stake -- 3.1.1 Presumption of Innocence -- 3.1.2 Protection against Self-Incrimination -- 3.1.3 The Principle of Legality -- 3.2 Legal Presumptions Contained in Offenses Other Than Illicit Enrichment -- 3.3 Protection of the Rights of the Accused in Illicit Enrichment Proceedings -- 3.4 Observations -- 4. Operational Aspects -- 4.1 Triggering Investigations on Illicit Enrichment -- 4.1.1 Income and Asset Disclosures -- 4.1.2 Lifestyle Checks and Complaints -- 4.1.3 Suspicious Transaction Reports -- 4.1.4 Other Investigations -- 4.2 Strengthening Investigations on Illicit Enrichment -- 4.2.1 Domestic Coordination -- 4.2.2 Building a Financial Profile -- 4.2.3 Tools and Skills to Facilitate Investigations -- 4.3 Process and Interaction with the Public Official during the Investigation -- 4.3.1 Stages of the Procedure -- 4.4 Enforcing Illicit Enrichment: The Challenges -- 4.4.1 Access to Registries and Relevant Databases -- 4.4.2 Cash Economies and Valuation of Properties -- 4.4.3 The Use of Third Parties -- 4.4.4 Original Solutions to Overcome Challenges -- 4.5 Assessing the "]
[{"$nulls":4},"Effectiveness of an Illicit Enrichment Regime."]
[{"$nulls":4},"4.5.1 Penalties and Forfeiture -- 4.5.2 Performance -- 4.6 Observations -- 5. International Cooperation -- 5.1 Addressing Dual Criminality -- 5.2 Meeting Evidentiary and Due Process Standards -- 5.3 Legal Cooperation Regime -- 5.4 Observations -- Appendix A Illicit Enrichment Provisions -- Appendix B Jurisdictions with Illicit Enrichment Provisions and Rankings for Rule of Law, Control of Corruption, and GDP per Capita, 2009 -- Appendix C The Illicit Enrichment Questionnaire -- Background Information -- Legal Framework -- Application Data -- International Cooperation -- Asset Recovery -- Challenges -- Bibliography -- Boxes -- 1.1 The State v. Mzumar: Malawi -- 3.1 Administrative Forfeiture in Switzerland -- 4.1 Related Offenses -- 4.2 The Benamis in India -- 4.3 The Alsogaray Case in Argentina -- 5.1 U.S. and International Cooperation on Illicit Enrichment -- Figures -- 2.1 General Sequence of Events in an Illicit Enrichment Case -- 4.1 Triggers of Illicit Enrichment Investigations in India -- Tables -- 2.1 Definitions of Illicit Enrichment in International Conventions -- 2.2 Definitions of Illicit Enrichment in National Legislation -- 4.1 Investigation, Prosecution, and Conviction of Illicit Enrichment and Other Corruption Offenses in Argentina, 2000-09 -- 4.2 Status of Illicit Enrichment Cases in Pakistan, 1999-2011."]
[null,null,null,"Sommario/riassunto","Developing countries lose an estimated US$20-40 billion each year through bribery, misappropriation of funds, and other corrupt practices. Often, the most visible manifestation of corruption is the enrichment of a corrupt public official. Despite such visibility, prosecuting corruption can be very problematic, particularly when it requires proving the offer or acceptance of a bribe. Even when the corruption is established in a court of law, linking the proceeds of the crime to the offense in order to recover assets is a complex endeavor. In response, some countries looking to strengthen their overall arsenal against corruption have criminalized illicit enrichment. In its Article 20, the United Nations Convention against Corruption (UNCAC) recommends, but does not mandate, States Parties to adopt illicit enrichment as a criminal offense, defining the same as an intentional and \"significant increase in the assets of a public official that he or she cannot reasonably explain in relation to his or her lawful income.\" The illicit enrichment offense has spurred significant debates involving due processes of law. Others question how jurisdictions are actually using the offense. Finally, many jurisdictions that serve as financial centers do not recognize illicit enrichment as an offense, so tracing and recovering assets through mutual legal assistance is further complicated in illicit enrichment prosecutions. Against this background, this study provides policy makers, prosecutors, and other practitioners with a better understanding of the features of illicit enrichment. It draws on the preparatory work of international conventions, reviews of existing domestic provisions, and the jurisprudence on illicit enrichment. It is the StAR Initiative's hope that the study will inform the work of decision makers considering adopting an illicit enrichment offense, and assist those implementing illicit enrichment to do so in a way that contributes to effective prosecution, confiscation, and asset recovery."]