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[null,"1.","Record Nr.",null,"UNINA990006244080403321"]
[null,null,"Autore",null,"Bernheim, Ernst"]
[null,null,"Titolo",null,"Lerbuch der Historischen Methode und der Geschichtsphilosophie / Ernst Bernheim"]
[null,null,"Pubbl/distr/stampa",null,"Leipzig : Duncker & Humblot, 1903"]
[null,null,"Descrizione fisica",null,"VIII,, 779 p. ; 23 cm"]
[null,null,"Disciplina",null,"340.1"]
[null,null,"Locazione",null,"FGBC"]
[null,null,"Collocazione",null,"XV O 13"]
[null,null,"Lingua di pubblicazione",null,"Non definito"]
[null,null,"Formato",null,"Materiale a stampa"]
[null,null,null,"Livello bibliografico","Monografia"]
[null,"2.","Record Nr.",null,"UNINA9910830490803321"]
[null,null,"Autore",null,"Speight James G."]
[null,null,"Titolo",null,"Handbook of heavy oil properties and analysis / / James G. Speight [and four others]"]
[null,null,"Pubbl/distr/stampa",null,"Hoboken, New Jersey : , : John Wiley & Sons, Inc., , [2023]"]
[{"$nulls":4},"©2023"]
[null,null,"ISBN",null,"1-119-57713-6"]
[{"$nulls":4},"1-119-57712-8"]
[null,null,"Descrizione fisica",null,"1 online resource (494 pages)"]
[null,null,"Disciplina",null,"553.2/82"]
[null,null,"Soggetti",null,"Heavy oil - Testing"]
[{"$nulls":4},"Analytical chemistry"]
[null,null,"Lingua di pubblicazione",null,"Inglese"]
[null,null,"Formato",null,"Materiale a stampa"]
[null,null,null,"Livello bibliografico","Monografia"]
[null,null,null,"Nota di bibliografia","Includes bibliographical references and index."]
[null,null,"Nota di contenuto",null,"Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- About the Author -- Preface -- Chapter 1 History and Terminology -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Historical Perspectives -- 1.2.1 Pre-Christian Era Use of Heavy Oil and Bitumen -- 1.2.2 Post-Christian Era Use of Heavy Oil and Bitumen -- 1.3 Definitions and Terminology -- 1.3.1 Nonviscous Feedstocks -- 1.3.1.1 Crude Oil -- 1.3.1.2 Opportunity Crude Oil -- 1.3.1.3 High-Acid Crude Oil -- 1.3.1.4 Foamy Oil -- 1.3.2 Viscous Feedstocks -- 1.3.2.1 Gas Oil -- 1.3.2.2 Heavy Crude Oil -- 1.3.2.3 Extra Heavy Crude Oil -- 1.3.2.4 Tar Sand Bitumen -- 1.3.2.5 Residuum -- 1.3.2.6 Asphalt -- 1.3.2.7 Tar and Pitch -- 1.3.2.8 Sludge -- 1.4 Classification -- 1.5 Feedstock Evaluation -- 1.6 Modern Analytical Perspectives -- References -- Chapter 2 Sampling and Measurement -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Sampling -- 2.2.1 Sampling Protocol -- 2.2.1.1 Sampling Semi-volatile and Nonvolatile Compounds -- 2.2.1.2 Solids -- 2.2.1.3 Extract Concentration -- 2.2.1.4 Sample Cleanup -- 2.2.2 Representative Sample -- 2.2.3 Sampling Error -- 2.3 Measurement -- 2.4 Method Validation -- 2.4.1 Requirements -- 2.4.2 Method Detection Limit -- 2.4.3 Accuracy -- 2.4.4 Precision -- 2.5 Quality Control and Quality Assurance -- 2.5.1 Quality Control -- 2.5.2 Quality Assurance -- 2.6 Assay and Specifications -- 2.6.1 Assay -- 2.6.2 Specifications -- 2.6.3 Metallic Constituents -- 2.6.4 Water Content -- 2.7 Environmental Issues -- References -- Chapter 3 Chemical Composition -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Elemental Composition -- 3.3 "]
[{"$nulls":4},"Chemical Composition -- 3.3.1 Hydrocarbon Constituents -- 3.3.1.1 Paraffin Hydrocarbon Derivatives -- 3.3.1.2 Cycloparaffin Hydrocarbon Derivatives -- 3.3.1.3 Aromatic Hydrocarbon Derivatives -- 3.3.1.4 Unsaturated Hydrocarbon Derivatives -- 3.3.2 Non-hydrocarbon Constituents -- 3.3.2.1 Sulfur Compounds."]
[{"$nulls":4},"3.3.2.2 Nitrogen Compounds -- 3.3.2.3 Oxygen Compounds -- 3.3.3 Metallic Constituents -- 3.3.4 Porphyrins -- 3.4 Chemical Composition by Distillation -- 3.4.1 Vacuum Gas Oil -- 3.4.2 Vacuum Residua -- 3.5 Chemical Composition by Spectroscopy -- 3.5.1 Infrared Spectroscopy -- 3.5.2 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy -- 3.5.3 Mass Spectrometry -- 3.5.4 Other Techniques -- References -- Chapter 4 Fractional Composition -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Distillation -- 4.3 Solvent Treatment -- 4.3.1 Asphaltene Separation -- 4.3.1.1 Influence of Solvent Type -- 4.3.1.2 Influence of the Degree of Dilution -- 4.3.1.3 Influence of Temperature -- 4.3.1.4 Influence of Contact Time -- 4.3.2 Fractionation -- 4.3.3 Carbenes and Carboids -- 4.4 Adsorption -- 4.4.1 Chemical Factors -- 4.4.2 Fractionation Methods -- 4.4.2.1 General Methods -- 4.4.2.2 ASTM Methods -- 4.5 Chemical Methods -- 4.5.1 Acid Treatment -- 4.5.2 Molecular Complex Formation -- 4.5.2.1 Urea Adduction -- 4.5.2.2 Thiourea Adduction -- 4.5.2.3 Adduct Composition -- 4.5.2.4 Adduct Structure -- 4.5.2.5 Adduct Properties -- 4.6 The Asphaltene Fraction -- 4.7 Carbenes and Carboids -- 4.8 Use of the Data -- References -- Chapter 5 Chemical Properties -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Acid Number -- 5.3 Elemental Analysis and Metals -- 5.4 Emulsion Formation -- 5.5 Evaporation -- 5.6 Flash Point and Fire Point -- 5.7 Functional Group Analysis -- 5.8 Halogenation -- 5.9 Hydrogenation -- 5.10 Oxidation -- 5.11 Thermal Methods -- 5.12 Miscellaneous Methods -- References -- Chapter 6 Physical Properties, Electrical Properties, and Optical Properties -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Physical Properties -- 6.2.1 Adhesion -- 6.2.2 Density, Specific Gravity, and API Gravity -- 6.2.3 Surface and Interfacial Tension -- 6.2.4 Viscosity -- 6.3 Electrical Properties -- 6.3.1 Conductivity -- 6.3.2 Dielectric Constant."]
[{"$nulls":4},"6.3.3 Dielectric Strength -- 6.3.4 Dielectric Loss and Power Factor -- 6.3.5 Static Electrification -- 6.4 Optical Properties -- 6.4.1 Optical Activity -- 6.4.2 Refractive Index -- References -- Chapter 7 Thermal Properties -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Ash Production -- 7.3 Carbon Residue -- 7.4 Critical Properties -- 7.5 Enthalpy -- 7.6 Heat of Combustion -- 7.7 Latent Heat -- 7.8 Liquefaction and Solidification -- 7.9 Pour Point -- 7.10 Pressure-Volume-Temperature Relationships -- 7.11 Softening Point -- 7.12 Specific Heat -- 7.13 Thermal Conductivity -- 7.14 Volatility -- References -- Chapter 8 Chromatographic Properties -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Adsorption Chromatography -- 8.3 Gas Chromatography -- 8.4 Gel Permeation Chromatography -- 8.5 High-Performance Liquid Chromatography -- 8.6 Ion Exchange Chromatography -- 8.7 Simulated Distillation -- 8.8 Supercritical Fluid Chromatography -- 8.9 Thin Layer Chromatography -- References -- Chapter 9 Structural Group Analysis -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Physical Property Methods -- 9.2.1 Density Method -- 9.2.2 Density-Temperature Coefficient Method -- 9.2.3 Direct Method -- 9.2.4 Dispersion-Refraction Method -- 9.2.5 Molecular Weight-Refractive Index Method -- 9.2.6 n-d-M Method -- 9.2.7 Waterman Ring Analysis -- 9.2.8 Miscellaneous Methods -- 9.3 Spectroscopic Methods -- 9.3.1 Electron Spin Resonance -- 9.3.2 Infrared Spectroscopy -- 9.3.3 Mass Spectrometry -- 9.3.4 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy -- 9.3.5 Ultraviolet Spectroscopy -- 9.3.6 X-ray Diffraction -- 9.4 Heteroatom Systems -- 9.4.1 Nitrogen -- 9.4.2 Oxygen -- 9.4.3 Sulfur -- 9.4.4 Metals -- 9.5 Miscellaneous "]
[{"$nulls":4},"Methods -- References -- Chapter 10 Molecular Weight Determination -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Methods for Molecular Weight Measurement -- 10.2.1 Vapor Pressure Osmometry -- 10.2.2 Freezing Point Depression."]
[{"$nulls":4},"10.2.3 Boiling Point Elevation -- 10.2.4 Size Exclusion Chromatography -- 10.2.5 Mass Spectrometry -- 10.2.6 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy -- 10.3 Molecular Weights of Volatile Fractions -- 10.4 Molecular Weights of Nonvolatile Fractions -- 10.4.1 Resins -- 10.4.2 Asphaltenes -- 10.4.3 Carbenes and Carboids -- References -- Chapter 11 Instability and Incompatibility -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Occurrence of Instability and Incompatibility -- 11.3 Factors Influencing Instability and Incompatibility -- 11.3.1 Acidity -- 11.3.2 Asphaltene Content -- 11.3.3 Density/Specific Gravity -- 11.3.4 Elemental Analysis -- 11.3.5 Metals Content -- 11.3.6 Pour Point -- 11.3.7 Viscosity -- 11.3.8 Volatility -- 11.3.9 Water Content, Salt Content, Bottom Sediment and Water (BS&amp -- W) -- 11.4 Determination of Instability and Incompatibility -- References -- Chapter 12 Use of the Data -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Use of the Data -- 12.3 Process Analysis and Feedstock Mapping -- 12.3.1 Property Predictions -- 12.3.2 Predicting Separations -- 12.3.3 Process Predictability -- 12.4 Environmental Aspects of Processing -- 12.4.1 Gaseous Emissions -- 12.4.2 Liquid Effluents -- 12.4.3 Solid Effluents -- 12.5 Analytical Methods for Environmental Regulations -- 12.5.1 Definitions -- 12.5.2 Environmental Regulations -- 12.5.3 Environmental Analysis -- References -- Glossary -- Conversion Factors -- Index -- EULA."]