{"text_format":"2","workbook":"xls","n_sheets":1,"sheets":["report2"],"not_rendered":{"charts":0,"images":0,"macros":0,"external_links":1,"defined_names":1,"comments":0,"pivot_tables":0},"unopened":[],"bounds":{"document_bytes":16777216,"sheet_cells":100000,"run_cost":"one","rows_first":2000,"rows_last":500,"rows_between":2000,"halvings":0,"cell_chars":16384,"cell_head_chars":4096},"cells_cut":0,"cells_raw":0,"read":"whole","date_system":"1900","formulas":"cached_only"}

{"sheet":"report2","index":0,"n_rows":50,"n_cols":5,"rows_kept":50,"cut":false,"hidden":false,"merged":[[0,2,0,3],[0,4,0,5],[1,2,1,3],[1,4,1,5],[2,2,2,3],[2,4,2,5],[3,2,3,3],[4,2,4,3],[9,2,9,3],[10,2,10,3],[11,2,11,3],[42,2,42,3],[43,2,43,3],[48,2,48,3]],"flags":["formulas_cached_only"]}
[null,"1.","Record Nr.",null,"UNINA9910788402403321"]
[null,null,"Autore",null,"Combes Jean-Louis"]
[null,null,"Titolo",null,"How Does Trade Openness Influence Budget Deficits in Developing Countries? / / Jean-Louis Combes, Tahsin Saadi Sedik"]
[null,null,"Pubbl/distr/stampa",null,"Washington, D.C. : , : International Monetary Fund, , 2006"]
[null,null,"ISBN",null,"1-4623-9724-7"]
[{"$nulls":4},"1-4527-1988-8"]
[{"$nulls":4},"1-283-51735-3"]
[{"$nulls":4},"1-4519-0799-0"]
[{"$nulls":4},"9786613829801"]
[null,null,"Descrizione fisica",null,"1 online resource (22 p.)"]
[null,null,"Collana",null,"IMF Working Papers"]
[null,null,"Soggetti",null,"Terms of trade - Developing countries"]
[{"$nulls":4},"Budget - Developing countries"]
[{"$nulls":4},"Budgeting"]
[{"$nulls":4},"Exports and Imports"]
[{"$nulls":4},"Public Finance"]
[{"$nulls":4},"National Deficit Surplus"]
[{"$nulls":4},"International Economic Order and Integration"]
[{"$nulls":4},"Trade Policy"]
[{"$nulls":4},"International Trade Organizations"]
[{"$nulls":4},"National Budget"]
[{"$nulls":4},"Budget Systems"]
[{"$nulls":4},"Empirical Studies of Trade"]
[{"$nulls":4},"Debt"]
[{"$nulls":4},"Debt Management"]
[{"$nulls":4},"Sovereign Debt"]
[{"$nulls":4},"National Government Expenditures and Related Policies: General"]
[{"$nulls":4},"Budgeting & financial management"]
[{"$nulls":4},"International economics"]
[{"$nulls":4},"Public finance & taxation"]
[{"$nulls":4},"Budget planning and preparation"]
[{"$nulls":4},"Terms of trade"]
[{"$nulls":4},"Trade policy"]
[{"$nulls":4},"Government debt management"]
[{"$nulls":4},"Expenditure"]
[{"$nulls":4},"Budget"]
[{"$nulls":4},"Economic policy"]
[{"$nulls":4},"nternational cooperation"]
[{"$nulls":4},"Commercial policy"]
[{"$nulls":4},"Debts, Public"]
[{"$nulls":4},"Expenditures, Public"]
[{"$nulls":4},"Developing countries Commercial policy"]
[null,null,"Lingua di pubblicazione",null,"Inglese"]
[null,null,"Formato",null,"Materiale a stampa"]
[null,null,null,"Livello bibliografico","Monografia"]
[null,null,null,"Note generali","\"January 2006.\""]
[{"$nulls":4},"\"This paper is forthcoming in the Journal of development studies.\"--Abstract."]
[null,null,null,"Nota di bibliografia","Includes bibliographical references (p. 17-20)."]
[null,null,"Nota di contenuto",null,"\"\"Contents\"\"; \"\"I. INTRODUCTION\"\"; \"\"II. THEORETICAL EFFECTS OF TRADE OPENNESS ON BUDGET DEFICITS\"\"; \"\"III. THE MEASURE OF TERMS OF TRADE INSTABILITY\"\"; \"\"IV. THE MEASURE OF THE REVEALED TRADE POLICY\"\"; \"\"V. THE ECONOMETRIC STRATEGY\"\"; \"\"VI. CONCLUSIONS\"\"; \"\"APPENDIX I\"\"; \"\"REFERENCES\"\""]
[null,null,null,"Sommario/riassunto","This paper analyzes the effects of trade openness on budget balances by distinguishing the effects of natural openness from those of trade-policy induced openness. Using the GMMsystem estimator, the econometric analysis focuses on 66 developing countries during 1974-98. The results show that trade openness increases a country's exposure to external shocks regardless of its underlying causes. This reinforces the adverse effects of terms of trade instability on budget balances. However, trade openness also influences budget balances through several other channels: corruption, income inequalities, etc. The paper shows that these additional effects of natural openness and trade-policy induced openness on budget balances go in opposite directions: the former deteriorates budget balances whereas the latter improves them."]