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[null,"1.","Record Nr.",null,"UNINA9910637730603321"]
[null,null,"Autore",null,"Ramamurthi K."]
[null,null,"Titolo",null,"Ignition sources : fire, explosion and detonation / / K. Ramamurthi"]
[null,null,"Pubbl/distr/stampa",null,"Cham, Switzerland : , : Springer, , [2023]"]
[{"$nulls":4},"©2023"]
[null,null,"ISBN",null,"9783031206870"]
[{"$nulls":4},"9783031206863"]
[null,null,"Descrizione fisica",null,"1 online resource (206 pages)"]
[null,null,"Disciplina",null,"541.361"]
[null,null,"Soggetti",null,"Explosions"]
[{"$nulls":4},"Fire"]
[{"$nulls":4},"Fire prevention"]
[null,null,"Lingua di pubblicazione",null,"Inglese"]
[null,null,"Formato",null,"Materiale a stampa"]
[null,null,null,"Livello bibliografico","Monografia"]
[null,null,null,"Note generali","Includes index."]
[null,null,"Nota di contenuto",null,"Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- Nomenclature -- Greek Symbols -- Subscripts -- Superscripts -- 1 Preliminary Concepts and Introduction -- 1.1 Ignition Sources for Fire, Explosion, and Detonation -- 1.1.1 Energy Requirements -- 1.1.2 Fire, Explosion, and Detonation -- 1.1.3 Fire Triangle -- 1.1.4 Combustible: Fuel, Oxidizer, Explosive and High-Energy Material -- 1.1.5 Concentration Limits of Fuel and Oxygen to Form Fire -- 1.1.6 Confinement of Combustible -- 1.1.7 Activation Energy and Rate of Heat Release -- 1.1.8 Magnitudes of Energy Release -- 1.1.9 Ignition Sources -- 1.2 Initiation of Chemical Reactions for Fire, Explosion, and Detonation -- 1.3 Energy for Initiation -- 1.4 Phonons in the Initiation Process -- 1.5 Size of Energy Source -- 1.6 Classification of Ignition Sources -- 2 Thermal Ignition Energy Sources -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Mechanical Spark -- 2.2.1 Friction Spark -- 2.2.2 Sparks During Grinding -- 2.2.3 Assessment of Energy -- 2.2.4 Incendiaries and Molten Metal -- 2.2.5 Energy Content of Spark and Energy Required for Ignition -- 2.3 Hot Surfaces -- 2.3.1 Hot Surface and Auto-Ignition -- 2.3.2 Hot Surfaces from Friction -- 2.3.3 Solar, Electrical, Radiation, and Space Heating Contributing to Hot Surface -- 2.3.4 Forced Convection Heat Transfer to Combustibles from Hot Surfaces -- 2.4 Flame for Ignition -- 2.4.1 Size of Flame to Start Fire -- 2.4.2 Size of Candle and Explosions in Coal Mines in the Days of Faraday -- 2.5 Friction at Surfaces -- 2.6 Adiabatic Compression -- 2.7 Shock Compression -- 2.8 Thermal Initiation by Impact -- 2.8.1 Low-"]
[{"$nulls":4},"Velocity Impact -- 2.8.2 High-Velocity Impact -- 2.9 Resonant Heating -- 2.10 Electrical Energy Contributing to Heat -- 2.10.1 Resistive Heating -- 2.10.2 Arc Heating -- 2.10.3 Peltier Heating -- 3 Chemical Ignition Energy Sources -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Ignition by Catalytic Reactions."]
[{"$nulls":4},"3.3 Catalyst Bed as Ignition Source -- 3.4 Catalysts as Accidental Ignition Sources for Fires and Explosions -- 3.5 Thermite Reactions as Ignition Sources -- 3.6 Hypergolic and Pyrophoric Reactions -- 3.6.1 Pyrophoric Reactions and Difference from Hypergolic Reactions -- 3.6.2 Hypergolic Liquid Fuels and Oxidizers -- 3.6.3 Mechanism of Hypergolic Ignition -- 3.6.4 Other Hypergolic Combinations -- 4 Electrostatic Ignition Energy Sources -- 4.1 Introduction: Charges, Discharges, and Energy Release -- 4.2 Formation of Charges -- 4.2.1 Contact at Interface -- 4.2.2 Relative Motion of Interface: Rubbing and Sieving -- 4.2.3 Inductive Charging -- 4.2.4 Transfer of Charge -- 4.2.5 Formation of Charge During Fragmentation and Micronizing -- 4.2.6 Charge Formation from Piezo-Electric Effect -- 4.3 Charge and Electric Field -- 4.4 Ability of Combustible to Retain Charge: Permittivity -- 4.4.1 Units of Permittivity -- 4.5 Movement of Charges: Current Density, Mobility, and Specific Electrical Conductivity -- 4.6 Characteristic Time for Charge to be Retained: Relaxation Time -- 4.7 Different Types of Discharges -- 4.8 Breakdown and Paschen's Law -- 4.9 Charge Accumulation in the Flow of Insulating Liquid and Gaseous Combustibles -- 4.10 Electrical Discharge from Accumulated Charge in Flow of Combustible -- 4.11 Streaming Current -- 4.11.1 Charge Accumulation with Streaming Currents from Multiple Inlets and Outlets -- 4.12 Charge Accumulation in Humans -- 4.13 Energy During Discharge -- 5 Shock Waves as Ignition Sources -- 5.1 Shock Waves Initiating Detonation -- 5.2 Objects Moving at Supersonic and Hypersonic Velocities -- 5.3 Merging of Compression Waves to Form Shocks -- 5.4 Exploding Wires and Shock Formation -- 5.5 Exploding Foil and Slapper -- 6 Electromagnetic Radiation Ignition Sources -- 6.1 Electromagnetic Waves."]
[{"$nulls":4},"6.2 Electromagnetic Spectrum: Energy per Photon -- 6.2.1 Microwave Heating -- 6.2.2 Infrared Heating -- 6.2.3 Heating in Visible and Ultraviolet -- 6.2.4 X-Rays and Gamma Rays -- 6.3 Laser and Plasmonic Energy Absorption -- 7 Ignition Sources for Fire and Explosions in Solid Combustibles -- 7.1 Solid Fuels and Explosives -- 7.2 Initiation of Fire and Smolder in Solid Combustibles -- 7.2.1 Role of Heat Losses in the Initiation of a Fire: Confinement -- 7.2.2 High-Pressure Heat Dome -- 7.2.3 Ambient Pressure -- 7.3 Hypergolic Ignition of Solid Fuel -- 7.4 Ignition by Mechanical Work -- 7.5 Ignition of Solid Explosives -- 7.6 Confinement and Role of Heat Losses in the Ignition of Explosives -- 7.7 Heated Wire as Ignition Source -- 7.8 Intrinsic Energy Sources in the Condensed Phase -- 7.9 Pyrotechnics and Ignition -- 7.10 Strong and Weak Ignition -- 7.11 Influence of Confinement -- 7.12 Partial Confinement and Propellant Ignition -- 7.12.1 Ignition Source for a Rocket -- 7.12.2 Full Confinement for Ignition -- 7.13 Configuration of Ignition Source -- 7.14 Hang-Fire from Deficient Ignition Source -- 7.15 Ignition System for a Cartridge -- 7.16 Ignition Systems for Grenades, Shells, and Mortars -- 7.17 Thermal Response of Solid Explosives -- 7.18 Smoldering Transiting to Fire and Explosion: Flashover -- 7.19 Spontaneous Human Combustion -- 7.20 Thunderstorms and Lightning Strikes as Ignition Sources for Wild Fires -- 7.21 Ignition of Solid Fuels and Explosives having Low Melting Temperature -- 8 Ignition Sources for Detonation of  Solid Explosives -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Detonation in Solid Explosives -- 8.2.1 Chapman-Jouguet, Overdriven, and  Low-Velocity Detonation -- "]
[{"$nulls":4},"8.3 Influence of Confinement on Initiation  of Detonation -- 8.4 Initiation of Detonation by  Strong Shock Waves."]
[{"$nulls":4},"8.4.1 Shock Mach Number Less than the CJ Detonation  Mach Number (MS&lt -- MCJ) -- 8.4.2 Shock Mach Number Greater than Mach Number of  CJ Detonation (MS&gt -- MCJ) -- 8.4.3 Low-Velocity Detonations -- 8.5 Detonator as an Ignition Energy Source -- 8.6 Initiation by Low-Velocity Impact -- 9 Ignition of Liquid Fuels and Liquid Explosives -- 9.1 Requirements for Ignition -- 9.2 Volatile Liquid Fuels -- 9.3 Ignition Sources for Volatile Liquid Fuels -- 9.3.1 Formation of Flammable Fuel Vapor-Air Mixture -- 9.3.2 Ignitability of Volatile Liquid Fuels -- 9.4 Ignition by Spark -- 9.4.1 Vaporization and Ignition by Heating -- 9.4.2 Wicks for Fuel Supply -- 9.4.3 Wicks for Premixed Fuel-Air Mixture -- 9.4.4 Vaporization of Droplets and Strong Spark -- 9.5 Ignition of Non-Volatile Liquid Fuels -- 9.5.1 Ignition by Hot Compressed Air in a Diesel Engine -- 9.5.2 Ignition in Ramjets and Scramjet -- 9.5.3 Ignition of Liquid Propellants in Rockets -- 9.5.4 Ignition and Popping in Liquid Propellant Rockets -- 9.5.5 Ignition Sources for Burners and Furnaces  Using Heavy Fuel Oils -- 9.6 Fire and Explosion from Flowing Volatile  Liquids by Electrostatic Charges -- 9.7 Explosion and Detonation of Liquid Explosives from Ingestion of Gas Bubbles -- 9.7.1 Detonation of Liquid Explosives from Gas Bubbles -- 9.8 Cavitation as an Ignition Energy Source -- 10 Ignition Sources for Gaseous Combustibles -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Energy Requirements -- 10.2.1 Auto-ignition -- 10.2.2 Influence of Ambient Temperature -- 10.3 Localized Nature of Ignition:  Minimum Ignition Energy -- 10.3.1 Quenching Thickness -- 10.3.2 Minimum Ignition Energy -- 10.4 Initiation of Fire in a Stagnant Combustible  Gas Mixture -- 10.4.1 Stretch and Heat Loss During  Ignition of Stagnant Gas -- 10.4.2 Ignition and Stretch of a Flowing Combustible Gas."]
[{"$nulls":4},"10.5 Stretch and Quenching: Requirement  of Pilot Flame -- 10.6 Pilot Ignition of High-Speed Combustible  Gas Flow -- 10.7 Strength of Pilot Energy Source -- 10.8 Ignition by Hot Surfaces: Steady Flow  Model of Yang -- 10.9 Role of Ignition Energy Sources on  Rate of Pressure Rise -- 10.9.1 Unconfined Space -- 10.9.2 Confined Space -- 10.9.3 Hard or Strong Ignition and Weak Ignition Sources -- 10.9.4 Confinement with Obstructions -- 10.10 Energy Sources for Detonations: Overdriven,  CJ and Low-Velocity Detonations -- 10.10.1 Energy Requirements -- 10.11 Example of Ignition Sources Causing  Burning and Detonation -- 11 Unanticipated Thermal Ignition Sources -- 11.1 Thermal Threat and Insult -- 11.2 Confinement -- 11.2.1 Explosive Charges in Confinement -- 11.3 Fast Cook-off and Slow Cook-off Tests -- 11.3.1 Fixes for Fast Cook off -- 11.3.2 Fixes for Slow Cook off -- 11.4 Volatile Liquid Fuels in Confinement: BLEVE -- 11.5 Insensitive Explosive Systems -- 12 Shock Wave and Impact Threats for Confined  Solid Explosives -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Nature's Way of Protection Against Adverse Environments -- 12.3 Shock Sources Causing Detonation: Sympathetic Detonation -- 12.4 High-Velocity Impact Energy Sources Causing Detonation, Explosion, and Fire -- 12.4.1 Solid Explosive in Confinement -- 12.4.2 Solid Explosive with Cavity or Bore -- 12.4.3 Bore Mitigation for Impact Threats -- 12.5 Barriers and Coatings -- 12.6 Relieving Detonation by Modifying Confinement -- 12.7 Modifying Explosive for Impact and Shock Energy Sources -- A Temperature in a Shock Wave Propagating at Constant Velocity -- B Acoustic Impedance and Confinement -- B.1 Compressibility Coefficient -- B.2 Acoustic Impedance and Shock Impedance -- B.3 Reflection and Transmission of Pressure Disturbances at Interfaces."]
[{"$nulls":4},"C Ignition and Burning of Heavy Fuel Droplets Surrounded by Oxidizing Vapor."]