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[null,"1.","Record Nr.",null,"UNINA9910585779103321"]
[null,null,"Autore",null,"Das Satya P."]
[null,null,"Titolo",null,"Economics of terrorism and counter-terrorism measures : history, theory, and evidence / / Satya P. Das"]
[null,null,"Pubbl/distr/stampa",null,"Cham, Switzerland : , : Springer International Publishing, , [2022]"]
[{"$nulls":4},"©2022"]
[null,null,"ISBN",null,"9783030965778"]
[{"$nulls":4},"9783030965761"]
[null,null,"Descrizione fisica",null,"1 online resource (710 pages)"]
[null,null,"Disciplina",null,"363.325"]
[null,null,"Soggetti",null,"Terrorism - Economic aspects"]
[{"$nulls":4},"Terrorism - Prevention"]
[null,null,"Lingua di pubblicazione",null,"Inglese"]
[null,null,"Formato",null,"Materiale a stampa"]
[null,null,null,"Livello bibliografico","Monografia"]
[null,null,"Nota di contenuto",null,"Intro -- Preface -- Abbreviations -- I Introduction -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 What This Book Is About and My Goals -- 1.2 On the Current Chapter -- 1.3 Rationality, Economics, and Terrorism -- 1.4 What Is Terrorism? -- 1.4.1 Various Definitions -- 1.4.2 Attributes -- 1.4.3 Long-Term Objectives of Some Terror Organizations -- 1.4.4 Three Players in a ``Terrorist Act'' -- 1.4.5 Terrorism, Freedom Fighting, Insurgency, and Civil War -- 1.5 Modes/Tactics of Terror Attack -- 1.6 Domestic Versus Transnational Terrorism -- 1.7 Global Terrorism: A Preliminary Look -- 1.7.1 Overall Impact of Terrorism across Countries -- 1.7.2 Deaths from Terrorism -- 1.7.3 Is Islamic Fundamentalism the Prime Motivation behind Lone-Wolf Attacks? -- 1.8 Major International Terror Organizations -- 1.9 US Listing of Foreign Terrorist Organizations and their State Sponsors -- 1.10 Terror Organizations in the USA -- 1.11 Different Strands of Islam and Sharia Law -- 1.11.1 Two Main Sects: Sunnies and Shi'ites -- 1.11.2 Strands within Sunni and Shi'ite Muslims -- 1.11.3 Sharia Law and Islamic Taxes -- 1.11.4 How are Different Sects and Schools Related to Islamic Terrorism? -- 1.12 Women Participation in Terror Organizations -- 1.13 Internet and Terrorism -- 1.14 Counter-Terrorism Measures -- 1.14.1 A Classification -- 1.15 Root, Breeding and Propagating Factors and Preventive Measures -- 1.16 Plan of the Book -- 1.17 Aspects of Terrorism Not Covered in the Book -- 1.18 Take-Aways -- Appendix -- 1.A Details on Islam Religion -- 1.A.1 Strands within Sunnis -- 1.A.2 "]
[{"$nulls":4},"Strands within Shi'ites -- 1.A.3 Other Sects -- 1.A.4 Sufism -- 2 Origin, Objective, and History of Terrorism and Terrorist Organizations -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Origin of Terrorism -- 2.3 Modern Terrorism: Four Waves -- 2.4 Anarchism, the First Wave -- 2.4.1 Narodnaya Volya."]
[{"$nulls":4},"2.4.2 Spread of Anarchism and the Philosophy of Narodnaya Volya -- 2.5 Anti-Colonial, the Second Wave -- 2.5.1 The Original IRA (OIRA)-First Generation -- 2.5.2 Anti-Treaty IRA or the ``Irregulars''-the Second Generation -- 2.5.3 Israel and Palestine: Haganah, Irgun Zvai Leumi, and Lehi -- 2.5.4 Cyprus: Ethnikí Orgánosis Kipriakoú Agónos (EOKA) -- 2.5.5 Algeria: Front de Libération Nationale (FLN) -- 2.6 The New Left, the Third Wave -- 2.6.1 American Weather Underground -- 2.6.2 Action Directe, France -- 2.6.3 Red Army Faction (RAF), West Germany -- 2.6.4 Revolutionäre Zellen (RZ) -- 2.6.5 The Italian Red Brigades -- 2.6.6 The Japanese Red Army (JRA) -- 2.6.7 Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) -- 2.6.7.1 Narrative -- 2.6.7.2 Funding -- 2.6.7.3 Public Services -- 2.6.7.4 Current Status of Violence in Colombia -- 2.6.8 The National Liberation Army (ELN), Colombia -- 2.6.9 Shining Path, Peru -- 2.6.9.1 Narrative -- 2.6.9.2 Funding -- 2.6.10 Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement (MRTA), Peru -- 2.6.11 Tupamaros, Uruguay -- 2.6.12 Farabundo Marti National Liberation Front (FMLN) -- 2.6.13 Naxalites: India -- 2.6.14 Khmer Rouge* -- 2.6.15 The New People's Army (NPA): The PhilippinesMost of the information is based on White:17 and Stanford:15b. -- 2.6.15.1 Narrative -- 2.6.15.2 Funding -- 2.7 Secular Terror Groups Overlapping between the Third and Fourth Wave Era -- 2.7.1 The Provisional IRA (PIRA)-Third Generation -- 2.7.1.1 Narrative -- 2.7.1.2 Funding -- 2.7.2 Real IRA-the Fourth Generation -- 2.7.2.1 Narrative -- 2.7.2.2 Funding -- 2.7.3 The Euskadi Ta Askatasuna (ETA) -- 2.7.4 Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) and Other Kurdish Groups -- 2.7.4.1 Narrative -- 2.7.4.2 Funding -- 2.7.4.3 Social Services: Rights of Women -- 2.7.4.4 Kurdish Population Outside of Turkey -- 2.7.5 Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) and Fatah -- 2.7.5.1 Narrative."]
[{"$nulls":4},"2.7.5.2 Funding -- 2.7.6 Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP) and PFLP-GC -- 2.7.7 Black September -- 2.7.8 Abu Nidal Organization (ANO) -- 2.7.9 Al-Aqsa Martyrs Brigades -- 2.7.10 Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE): Tamil Tigers -- 2.7.10.1 Narrative -- 2.7.10.2 Organization and Capabilities -- 2.7.10.3 Funding -- 2.7.10.4 Other Aspects -- 2.7.11 Nicaraguan Democratic Force (FDN) and the Nicaraguan Resistance -- 2.8 Religious, the Fourth Wave -- 2.8.1 Beginning of the Fourth Wave -- 2.8.1.1 The Iranian Revolution -- 2.8.1.2 Attack on the Grand Mosque of Mecca -- 2.8.1.3 Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan -- 2.8.2 Major Terror Organizations During the Fourth Wave: Two Groups -- 2.8.3 Al-Qaeda and Its Affiliates -- 2.8.3.1 Main Al-Qaeda -- 2.8.3.2 Al-Qaeda of Iraq and Birth of ISIS -- 2.8.3.3 Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM) -- 2.8.3.4 Al-Qaida in the Arabian Peninsula (AQAP) -- 2.8.3.5 Deaths from al-Qaeda and its Affiliates -- 2.8.3.6 International Spread of al-Qaeda and Its Affiliates -- 2.8.3.7 Funding of al-Qaeda -- 2.8.4  ISIS, ISIL, or IS -- 2.8.4.1 Territorial Gains and Losses -- 2.8.4.2 Outside of Iraq and Syria -- 2.8.4.3 Foreign Recruits -- 2.8.4.4 Governance and Social Services -- 2.8.4.5 Funding -- 2.8.4.6 ISIS in Subsequent Years -- 2.8.5 Al-Nusra, renamed Jabhat Fateh al Sham in 2016 and Tahrir al-Sham in 2017 -- 2.8.6 Taliban -- 2.8.6.1 Narrative -- 2.8.6.2 Governance and Provision of Public Goods and Services -- 2.8.6.3 Funding -- 2.8.6.4 Peace Efforts, The Leap Day Accord and Afterwards -- 2.8.7 Haqqani Network (HN) -- 2.8.8 Pakistani Taliban: Tehreek-e-Taliban Pakistan (TTP) -- 2.8.9 Boko Haram -- 2.8.9.1 Narrative -- 2.8.9.2 International Spread of Boko Haram -- 2.8.9.3 Funding -- "]
[{"$nulls":4},"2.8.10 Hamas -- 2.8.10.1 Narrative -- 2.8.10.2 Public Service -- 2.8.10.3 Funding -- 2.8.11 Hezbollah -- 2.8.11.1 Narrative."]
[{"$nulls":4},"2.8.11.2 Governance and Social Services -- 2.8.11.3 Funding -- 2.8.12 Kata'ib Hezbollah -- 2.8.13 Palestinian Islamic Jihad (PIJ) -- 2.8.13.1 Narrative -- 2.8.13.2 Funding -- 2.8.13.3 More Recent Status -- 2.8.14 The Egyptian Islamic Group (IG) -- 2.8.15 Egyptian Islamic Jihad -- 2.8.16 Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT) and Jamaat-ud-Dawa (JuD) -- 2.8.16.1 Narrative -- 2.8.16.2 Political Activities -- 2.8.16.3 Social Services -- 2.8.16.4 Funding -- 2.8.16.5 More Recent Status -- 2.8.17 Al-Shabaab -- 2.8.18 Jemaah Islamiyah (JI) -- 2.8.19 Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) -- 2.8.20 The Lord's Resistance Army (LRA) -- 2.8.21 Similarities and Dissimilarities among Islamic Terror Organizations -- 2.8.21.1 Al-Qaeda, ISIS, Boko Haram on One Hand and Taliban on the Other -- 2.8.21.2 Al-Qaeda versus ISIS versus Al-Nusra -- 2.8.21.3 Fatah versus Hamas -- 2.8.21.4 Hamas versus Hezbollah -- 2.9 Terror Groups in Russia, Central Asia, China, South and South-East Asia, and the USA -- 2.9.1 Russia: The North Caucasus Region -- 2.9.1.1 Caucasus Emirate -- 2.9.2 Central Asia -- 2.9.3 China -- 2.9.4 South and South-East Asia -- 2.9.4.1 Indonesia -- 2.9.4.2 India -- 2.9.4.3 Bangladesh -- 2.9.4.4 The United States -- 2.10 ``Quasi Terror'' Groups -- 2.10.1 Ku Klux Klan (KKK) -- 2.10.2 National Social Underground -- 2.11 End of the Fourth Wave and Beyond -- 2.12 Take-Aways -- 3 Tracking Terror: Trends and Patterns -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Data Sources -- 3.3 Terrorism around the World: 1970 Onward -- 3.3.1 Number of Incidents and Fatalities: All Types of Terror Attacks -- 3.3.2 Success Rate -- 3.3.3 How Deadly are Terror Attacks? -- 3.3.4 Suicide Terror Attacks -- 3.3.5 Tactics and Weaponry -- 3.3.5.1 Bombing-Explosion and Armed Assault: The Main Tactics Used for Terror Attacks -- 3.3.5.2 Plane Hijacking."]
[{"$nulls":4},"3.3.5.3 Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear (CBRN) Terrorism -- 3.3.6 Regional Distribution -- 3.3.7 Domestic Versus Transnational Terrorism -- 3.3.8 Targets -- 3.3.9 Heterogeneity across Terror Organizations -- 3.3.9.1 Heterogeneity in Terms of Number of Attacks and Fatalities -- 3.3.9.2 Heterogeneity in Longevity -- 3.4 Terrorism in the Western and ``Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)'' Countries -- 3.5 Terrorism in the USA: 1970 Onward -- 3.6 Take-Aways -- Appendix -- 3.A Regions Defined in GTD -- 3.B An Illustration of the GTI Calculation -- II Financing, Costs and Consequences of Terrorism -- 4 Cost of Organizing, and, Financing of Terror -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Estimated Cost of Terror Attacks -- 4.2.1 Individual Terror Attacks -- 4.2.2 Financing of Jihadi Terror Cells Targeting Western Europe -- 4.3 Financing of Terror Organizations -- 4.3.1 Dark Economy: Illegal Sources -- 4.3.2 Legal/Quasi-Legal Sources: The Gray Economy -- 4.3.3 Moving Funds -- 4.3.4 Richest Terrorist Organizations -- 4.3.5 Terror Financing as a Value Chain -- 4.4 Take-Aways -- 5 Economic Costs of Terrorism and Costs of Counter-Terrorism Measures -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Costs of Specific Attacks -- 5.2.1 9/11 Attacks -- 5.2.2 Madrid Commuter Train Bombing in 2004 -- 5.3 Country-Wise and Global Cost of Terrorism -- 5.3.1 IEP's Methodology -- 5.3.2 Patterns and Trends -- 5.3.3 Cost of Terrorism vis-à-vis Cost of Violence and Conflict -- 5.4 Direct Cost of Counter-Terrorism (CT) Measures -- 5.4.1 Security Costs -- 5.4.2 Cost of Preemptive Strikes -- 5.4.3 War in Afghanistan -- 5.4.4 Aggregate Counter-Terrorism Spending by the USA since 9/11 -- 5.4.5 Indirect Cost of Counter-Terrorism Measures -- 5.5 Are Such Large Spending on Security and Counter-Terrorism Rational? -- 5.6 Sum-Up and Take-Aways."]
[{"$nulls":4},"6 Economic and Health Effects of Terrorism."]