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[null,"1.","Record Nr.",null,"UNINA9910964620403321"]
[null,null,"Autore",null,"Di Bella Gabriel"]
[null,null,"Titolo",null,"Energy Subsidies in Latin America and the Caribbean : : Stocktaking and Policy Challenges / / Gabriel Di Bella, Lawrence Norton, Joseph Ntamatungiro, Sumiko Ogawa, Issouf Samaké, Marika Santoro"]
[null,null,"Pubbl/distr/stampa",null,"Washington, D.C. : , : International Monetary Fund, , 2015"]
[null,null,"ISBN",null,"9781616358228"]
[{"$nulls":4},"161635822X"]
[{"$nulls":4},"9781498379915"]
[{"$nulls":4},"1498379915"]
[null,null,"Edizione",null,"[1st ed.]"]
[null,null,"Descrizione fisica",null,"1 online resource (80 p.)"]
[null,null,"Collana",null,"IMF Working Papers"]
[null,null,"Disciplina",null,"333.7098"]
[null,null,"Soggetti",null,"Natural resources - Latin America"]
[{"$nulls":4},"Energy industries - Latin America"]
[{"$nulls":4},"Fiscal policy - Latin America"]
[{"$nulls":4},"Government business enterprises - Latin America"]
[{"$nulls":4},"Natural resources - Caribbean Area"]
[{"$nulls":4},"Investments: Energy"]
[{"$nulls":4},"Macroeconomics"]
[{"$nulls":4},"Public Finance"]
[{"$nulls":4},"Taxation"]
[{"$nulls":4},"Energy: Demand and Supply"]
[{"$nulls":4},"Prices"]
[{"$nulls":4},"Electric Utilities"]
[{"$nulls":4},"Trade Policy"]
[{"$nulls":4},"International Trade Organizations"]
[{"$nulls":4},"Energy industries & utilities"]
[{"$nulls":4},"Investment & securities"]
[{"$nulls":4},"Public finance & taxation"]
[{"$nulls":4},"Energy subsidies"]
[{"$nulls":4},"Fuel prices"]
[{"$nulls":4},"Electricity"]
[{"$nulls":4},"Tariffs"]
[{"$nulls":4},"Oil prices"]
[{"$nulls":4},"Expenditure"]
[{"$nulls":4},"Commodities"]
[{"$nulls":4},"Taxes"]
[{"$nulls":4},"Expenditures, Public"]
[{"$nulls":4},"Electric utilities"]
[{"$nulls":4},"Tariff"]
[{"$nulls":4},"Dominican Republic"]
[null,null,"Lingua di pubblicazione",null,"Inglese"]
[null,null,"Formato",null,"Materiale a stampa"]
[null,null,null,"Livello bibliografico","Monografia"]
[null,null,null,"Note generali","Description based upon print version of record."]
[null,null,null,"Nota di bibliografia","Includes bibliographical references."]
[null,null,"Nota di contenuto",null,"Cover; Contents; Executive Summary; I. Introduction; Figures; 1. Energy Subsidies: A Global Perspective (Percent of GDP); II. Taking Stock of Energy Subsidies in LAC countries; Tables; 1. Pre-tax Energy Subsidies (Percent of GDP, average 2011-13); 2. Pre-tax Energy Subsidies (Percent of GDP, average 2011-13; 2. Energy Subsidies and Economic Size (Average 2011-13); A. Fuel Subsidies in LAC; 3. Fuel Subsidies and Energy Richness (Average 2011-13); 4.Gasoline and Diesel Prices Including Taxes; 3. Selected Fuel Price Practices and Financing Regimes in LAC; B. Electricity Subsidies in LAC"]
[{"$nulls":4},"4. Selected Electricity Price Practices and Financing Regimes in LACIII. Policy Challenges for LAC Arising from Energy Subsidies; A. Fiscal Costs; 5. Electricity Subsidies and Measures of Electricity Performance (Average 2011-13); 6. Energy Subsidies and Fiscal Deficits (Percent of GDP, Average 2011-13); B. Fiscal Transparency; 7. Energy Subsidies and Fiscal Revenues (Average 2011-13); C. The Energy Value Chain, SOEs, and Competitiveness; 8. Gasoline and Diesel Prices Net of Taxes; D. External Vulnerabilities; 9. Current Account and Oil Trade Balances"]
[{"$nulls":4},"E. Household Welfare and Income Distribution10. Energy Subsidies and Fiscal Spending (Average 2011-13); F. Environmental and other Negative Externalities; IV. How and When to Reform Subsidy Policy? Experience from LAC countries; 11. Fuel Taxation and Negative Externalities (Current Excise Minus Corrective Tax, US/Liter, 2010); A. How to Rationalize Subsidies?; B. When to Rationalize Subsidies?; Annexes; I: Country Groupings; II: Data Sources; III: A Summary of Energy Policies in LAC countries; Boxes; 1. Measuring Fuel Subsidies by the Price-Gap Approach; 2. Measuring Electricity Subsidies"]
[{"$nulls":4},"3. Energy Subsidies and Country Characteristics4. The Petrocaribe Arrangement; References"]
[null,null,null,"Sommario/riassunto","The oil price decline creates an opportunity to dismantle energy subsidies, which escalated with high oil prices. This paper assesses energy subsidies in Latin America and the Caribbean—about 1.8 percent of GDP in 2011–13 (approximately evenly split between fuel and electricity), and about 3.8 percent of GDP including negative externalities. Countries with poorer institutions subsidize more. Energy-rich countries subsidize fuel more, but low-income countries are more likely to subsidize electricity, as are Central America and the Caribbean. Energy subsidies impose fiscal costs, hurting SOEs, competitiveness, and distribution. The paper overviews country experience with subsidy reform, drawing lessons."]
[null,"2.","Record Nr.",null,"UNINA9910557430503321"]
[null,null,"Autore",null,"Di Meo Sergio"]
[null,null,"Titolo",null,"Physiological and Pathological Role of ROS: Benefits and Limitations of Antioxidant Treatment"]
[null,null,"Pubbl/distr/stampa",null,"Basel, Switzerland, : MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute, 2020"]
[null,null,"Descrizione fisica",null,"1 online resource (236 p.)"]
[null,null,"Soggetti",null,"Biology, life sciences"]
[{"$nulls":4},"Research & information: general"]
[null,null,"Lingua di pubblicazione",null,"Inglese"]
[null,null,"Formato",null,"Materiale a stampa"]
[null,null,null,"Livello bibliografico","Monografia"]
[null,null,null,"Sommario/riassunto","ROS were long considered one of the key players in tissue injury. Indeed, overproduction of ROS results in oxidative stress, a process leading to the development of many pathological conditions. For the treatment of these conditions, the use of antioxidants was proposed. Over time, it was shown that ROS at low concentrations act as signaling molecules, leading to the regulation of physiological functions. Moreover, several interventions that increase ROS generation activate stress-adaptive responses that extend the lifespan. It was also shown that excessive use of antioxidants can counter the beneficial effects of ROS. Currently, much progress has been made in understanding the role of ROS in human diseases and aging, as well as in the regulation of physiological functions, and in identifying the signaling pathways involved in ROS. However, much remains to be understood about the mutual interactions among signaling pathways underlying organisms' adaptive responses, their modifications (which occur during aging), and some disease states. The aim of this Special Issue is to underline the effects of ROS production and antioxidant treatment in living organisms, focusing on their impact on health, disease, and aging."]