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[null,"1.","Record Nr.",null,"UNINA9910551836303321"]
[null,null,"Autore",null,"Feliciani Claudio"]
[null,null,"Titolo",null,"Introduction to crowd management : managing crowds in the digital era: theory and practice / / Claudio Feliciani, Kenichiro Shimura, Katsuhiro Nishinari"]
[null,null,"Pubbl/distr/stampa",null,"Cham, Switzerland : , : Springer, , [2021]"]
[{"$nulls":4},"©2021"]
[null,null,"ISBN",null,"3-030-90012-6"]
[null,null,"Descrizione fisica",null,"1 online resource (316 pages)"]
[null,null,"Disciplina",null,"302.33"]
[null,null,"Soggetti",null,"Crowd control"]
[null,null,"Lingua di pubblicazione",null,"Inglese"]
[null,null,"Formato",null,"Materiale a stampa"]
[null,null,null,"Livello bibliografico","Monografia"]
[null,null,null,"Nota di bibliografia","Includes bibliographical references and index."]
[null,null,"Nota di contenuto",null,"Intro -- Foreword -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- Acronyms -- 1 What Is Crowd Management? -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Objectives of This Chapter -- 1.3 Definitions and Fundamental Principles of This Book -- 1.4 Stakeholders and Crowd Information -- 1.5 The Crowd Manager -- 1.6 Structure of This Book -- Reference -- 2 Crowd Properties and Characteristics -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Objectives of This Chapter -- 2.3 Qualitative Crowd Characteristics -- 2.3.1 Types of Crowds and Classification -- 2.3.2 Crowd Behavior Under Normal Conditions -- 2.3.3 Crowd Behavior in Emergencies -- 2.4 Quantitative Crowd Characteristics -- 2.4.1 Speed, Density, and Flow -- 2.4.2 Fundamental Diagram of Pedestrian Traffic: Theory and Limitations -- 2.4.3 Level of Service (LOS) -- References -- 3 Analysis of Past Crowd Accidents -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Objectives of This Chapter -- 3.3 Crowd Incident Mechanisms -- 3.3.1 Crowd Domino -- 3.3.2 Crowd Avalanche -- 3.4 Classification and Analysis of Crowd Incidents -- 3.4.1 Causality of Crowd Incidents -- 3.4.2 External Factors (Environmental) -- 3.4.3 Internal Factors (Crowd Intrinsic) -- 3.5 Role of Crowd Management -- References -- 4 Pedestrian and Crowd Sensing Principles and Technologies -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Objectives of This Chapter -- 4.3 Computer Vision -- 4.3.1 Detection and Tracking -- 4.3.2 Optical Flow -- 4.3.3 Density Estimation -- 4.3.4 Advantages/Disadvantages -- 4.4 Distance Sensors -- 4.4.1 Advantages/Disadvantages -- 4.5 Localization Technologies (GPS, Indoor  Positioning, Etc.) -- 4.5.1 Direct and Indirect User Involvement -- 4.5.2 Advantages/Disadvantages -- 4.6 Instrumented Detection -- "]
[{"$nulls":4},"4.6.1 Mobile Network Antennas -- 4.6.2 Bluetooth, WiFi, and RFID Tags -- 4.6.3 Advantages/Disadvantages -- 4.7 Alternative Methods -- 4.7.1 Gate/Transit Counting -- 4.7.2 Manual Counting."]
[{"$nulls":4},"4.7.3 Estimation by Total Mass -- 4.7.4 Thermocamera -- 4.7.5 Inertial Sensors -- 4.7.6 Chemosensors -- 4.7.7 Pressure Sensors -- 4.8 Sensing Method Selection and Comparison -- 4.8.1 Sensing Accuracy -- 4.9 Future and Emerging Trends in Sensing Technology -- 4.9.1 Detection of Complex Patterns by Machine-Learning Algorithms -- 4.9.2 Sensor Fusion -- 4.9.3 Emotional State and Mood Detection -- References -- 5 Crowd Simulators: Computational Methods, Product Selection, and Visualization -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Objectives of This Chapter -- 5.3 Types of Crowd Simulators and Space Representation -- 5.3.1 Macroscopic Models -- 5.3.2 Network Models -- 5.3.3 Microscopic Models -- 5.4 State-of-the-Art Modeling Approaches -- 5.4.1 The Behavioral Levels and Multiscale Simulation -- 5.4.2 Procedural Steps in Setting up a Simulation Scenario -- 5.4.3 Concluding Remarks -- 5.5 Typical Models Employed in Crowd Simulation -- 5.5.1 Cellular Automata -- 5.5.2 Social Force Model -- 5.5.3 Network Models -- 5.5.4 Alternative Approaches -- 5.6 Simulator Selection and Comparison -- 5.6.1 Selection Criteria and Relevance -- 5.6.2 Commercial Software, Code Development, or Outsourcing? -- 5.6.3 Choosing a Commercial Software -- 5.7 Evaluation and Improvement of Simulation Results -- 5.7.1 Evaluation of Simulated Motion -- 5.7.2 Improving Simulation Results -- 5.8 Result Visualization -- References -- 6 Crowd Control Methods: Established and Future Practices -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Objectives of This Chapter -- 6.3 Information Management-Laying the Fundamentals for an Effective Crowd Control -- 6.3.1 Static Information Provision: Wayfinding and Its Role in Crowd Control -- 6.3.2 Dynamic Information Provision: Adding the Time Variable to Wayfinding -- 6.3.3 Communicating with the Crowd: Efficiently Adapting Style and Content."]
[{"$nulls":4},"6.4 Physical Methods to Safely Steer Crowds-Potentials and Limitations -- 6.4.1 Crowd Control Barriers (Barricades) -- 6.4.2 Waiting Lines/Queuing Systems -- 6.4.3 Access Gates and Ticket Control -- 6.4.4 Flow Control and Bottleneck Effect -- 6.4.5 Dynamic Routing and Guidance Staff -- 6.5 The ``Nudge'' Approach in Crowd Control -- 6.6 The ``Self-Regulation'' Approach -- References -- 7 Risk Management: From Situational Awareness to Crowd Control -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Objectives of This Chapter -- 7.3 Risk Definition and Approach -- 7.4 A Framework for Risk Management in Crowds -- 7.4.1 Off-Site Risk Management -- 7.4.2 On-Site Risk Management -- 7.5 Risk Assessment -- 7.5.1 General Principles -- 7.5.2 Risk Identification -- 7.5.3 Risk Analysis -- 7.5.4 Risk Evaluation -- 7.6 Limitations and Best Practices in Risk Assessment -- 7.6.1 Risk Assessment in Case of Sporadic Information -- 7.6.2 Risk Assessment Using Multiple Quantities -- 7.6.3 Choice of Numerical Values -- 7.6.4 Best Practices and Future Trends -- 7.6.5 Taking Special Conditions into Account -- 7.6.6 Risk Assessment Diversification -- 7.6.7 Risk Assessment Accounting for Secondary Elements -- 7.7 From Risk Assessment to Crowd Control -- References -- 8 Planning of Mass Gatherings  and Large Events -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Objectives of This Chapter -- 8.3 Planning Approach -- 8.4 Setting Conditions and Operating Modes -- 8.4.1 Conditions -- 8.4.2 Operating Modes -- 8.5 Risk Assessment for Normal Operation -- 8.5.1 Important Points to Check -- 8.6 Risk Assessment for Abnormal Operations -- 8.6.1 Risk Factors -- 8.7 From Planning to On-Site Operation -- References -- 9 Conclusion: The Seven Knows -- Appendix A Historical List of Crowd Incidents -- References --  -- Appendix  Glossary -- Index."]