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[null,null,"Titolo",null,"Imaging in nephrology / / Antonio Granata, Michele Bertolotto, editors"]
[null,null,"Pubbl/distr/stampa",null,"Cham, Switzerland : , : Springer, , [2021]"]
[{"$nulls":4},"©2021"]
[null,null,"ISBN",null,"3-030-60794-1"]
[null,null,"Descrizione fisica",null,"1 online resource (339 pages)"]
[null,null,"Disciplina",null,"616.6107543"]
[null,null,"Soggetti",null,"Kidneys - Ultrasonic imaging"]
[{"$nulls":4},"Nefrologia"]
[{"$nulls":4},"Ultrasons en medicina"]
[{"$nulls":4},"Llibres electrònics"]
[null,null,"Lingua di pubblicazione",null,"Inglese"]
[null,null,"Formato",null,"Materiale a stampa"]
[null,null,null,"Livello bibliografico","Monografia"]
[null,null,"Nota di contenuto",null,"Intro -- Foreword -- Foreword -- Contents -- About the Editors -- Part I: General Principles -- 1: Doppler Signal and Doppler Waveform Analysis -- 1.1  Doppler Effect in Ultrasound -- 1.1.1  Doppler Effect -- 1.1.2  Doppler Effect: From Theory to Clinical Applications -- 1.2  Doppler Ultrasound Technology Systems -- 1.2.1  Continuous-Wave Doppler (CW) -- 1.2.2  Pulsed-Wave Doppler (PW) -- 1.2.3  Duplex Scanner -- 1.2.4  Color Doppler (CD) and Power Doppler (PD) Technology -- 1.3  Hemodynamic Principles -- 1.4  Doppler Signal Semeiotics -- 1.4.1  Interpretation of the Spectral Curve -- 1.4.1.1  The Arterial Flow -- 1.4.1.2  The Venous Flow -- 1.4.2  Parameters of the Spectral Curve -- 1.4.2.1  Quantitative Parameters -- 1.4.2.2  Semiquantitative Parameters -- 1.4.3  Alterations of the Spectral Curve -- 1.4.3.1  Effects of Stenosis and Dilatations -- 1.4.3.2  Alterations of Peripheral Blood Stream -- 1.4.3.3  Arterial Wall Elasticity -- References -- 2: Grayscale Ultrasound Artifacts -- 2.1  Introduction -- 2.2  Artifacts Related to Structures and Beam Interaction -- 2.2.1  Rear Reinforcement (Enhancement Artifact) -- 2.2.2  Shadowing Artifacts -- 2.2.3  Side Acoustic Shadows -- 2.2.4  Comet-Tail Artifact -- 2.2.5  Ring-Down Artifact -- 2.2.6  Reverberation -- 2.2.7  Rain Effect -- 2.2.8  Mirror Image Artifact -- 2.2.9  Lateral Displacement of the Image Artifact -- 2.2.10  Image Splitting or Refraction Artifact -- 2.2.11  Speed Error Artifact -- 2.2.12  The Partial-Volume Effect (Artifacts Caused by the Layer Thickness) -- 2.2.13  Side-Lobe Artifact -- 2.2.14  "]
[{"$nulls":4},"The Speckle Artifact -- 2.3  Artifacts Related to Apparatus and to the Beam Properties and Processing -- 2.3.1  Range-Ambiguity Artifact -- 2.3.2  Artifacts from Incorrect Adjustment of Gain -- 2.3.3  Artifacts Produced by the Ultrasound Malfunction."]
[{"$nulls":4},"2.3.4  Artifacts from Incorrect Image Processing -- 2.3.5  Artifacts Produced by the Adaptive Filtering (Artifacts from Poor Resolution) -- 2.3.6  The Dragging Artifact (Cigar Effect) -- 2.3.7  Hyperbolic Artifacts -- References -- 3: Color Doppler and CEUS Artifacts -- 3.1  Introduction -- 3.2  Doppler Imaging Artifacts -- 3.2.1  Aliasing Artifact -- 3.2.2  Twinkling Artifact -- 3.2.3  Edge Artifact -- 3.2.4  Flash Artifact -- 3.2.5  Pseudoflow Artifact (Ureteral Jet Phenomenon Included) -- 3.3  Contrast-Enhanced Doppler Imaging Artifacts -- 3.3.1  (Color) Blooming Artifact -- 3.3.2  Jail-Bar Artifact -- 3.3.3  Systolic Peak Velocity Increase -- 3.3.4  High-Intensity Spikes -- 3.4  Contrast-Enhanced, Grayscale Sonography Artifacts -- 3.4.1  Slice-Thickness Artifact or Partial-Volume Artifact -- 3.4.2  Background Signal and Pseudoenhancement -- 3.4.3  Overenhancement -- 3.4.4  Underenhancement -- References -- 4: AKI and CIN: Real or Hype? -- 4.1  Introduction -- 4.2  Limitations of Previous Studies on CIN -- 4.3  Definition of CIN and PC-AKI -- 4.4  Risk Factors -- 4.5  Management of At-Risk Patients -- 4.6  Conclusion -- References -- 5: NSF: Real or Hype? -- 5.1  Introduction -- 5.2  MR Contrast Agents -- 5.2.1  Chemistry -- 5.2.2  Stability -- 5.2.3  Transmetallation -- 5.2.4  Pharmacokinetics -- 5.3  Adverse Reactions -- 5.3.1  Acute Adverse Reactions -- 5.3.2  Very Late Adverse Reaction -- 5.4  Discussion -- 5.5  Conclusion -- References -- 6: Gadolinium Retention in Brain and Body: Clinical and Preclinical Evidence -- 6.1  Introduction to Clinical GBCA Use in MRI and Gadolinium Retention in General -- 6.1.1  Clinical Use of Contrast-Enhanced MRI -- 6.1.2  Definitions and Terminologies -- 6.1.3  Safety and Efficacy of GBCAs: The Role of Gadolinium Retention -- 6.2  Gadolinium Retention in the Brain -- 6.2.1  Clinical Studies."]
[{"$nulls":4},"6.2.2  Preclinical Results on Brain Retention (i.e., Animal Studies) -- 6.3  Gadolinium Retention in Bone -- 6.3.1  Clinical Studies -- 6.3.2  Preclinical Results on Bone Retention (i.e., Animal Studies) -- 6.4  Gadolinium Retention in the Skin -- 6.4.1  Clinical Studies -- 6.4.2  Preclinical Results on Skin Retention (i.e., Animal Studies) -- 6.5  Gadolinium Retention in Splanchnic Organs -- 6.5.1  Clinical Studies -- 6.5.2  Preclinical Results from Splanchnic Organs (i.e., Animal Studies) -- 6.6  Clinical Consequences of Gadolinium Retention -- 6.7  Concluding Remarks -- References -- Part II: Native Kidney -- 7: Acute Kidney Injury: Color Doppler US -- 7.1  Introduction -- 7.2  Prerenal AKI -- 7.3  Renal AKI -- 7.4  Postrenal AKI -- References -- 8: Chronic Kidney Disease: Color Doppler US -- 8.1  Introduction -- 8.2  Ultrasound Evaluation -- 8.3  Pathological Modifications -- References -- 9: The Diabetic Kidney -- 9.1  Introduction -- 9.2  Pathophysiology and Natural History -- 9.3  Ultrasound Imaging -- References -- 10: Renal Vessels -- 10.1  Normal Anatomy -- 10.1.1  Renal Arteries -- 10.1.2  Renal Veins -- 10.2  Ultrasound Examination -- 10.2.1  Technique -- 10.3  Computed Tomography: Technique and Indications -- 10.4  MRI: Technique and Indications -- 10.5  Renal Angiography: Indications and Technique -- 10.6  Renal Artery Stenosis -- 10.6.1  Introduction -- 10.6.2  Renal Artery Stenosis: Ultrasound -- 10.6.3  Direct (Proximal) Criteria -- 10.6.4  Indirect (Distal) Criteria -- 10.7  Prognostic Value of Doppler Measurements -- 10.8  Technological Improvements Over the Years -- 10.9  Follow-Up After Revascularization -- 10.10  Atherosclerotic Stenosis -- 10.10.1  CT -- 10.10.2  MRI -- 10.10.3  Nuclear Medicine -- 10.10.4  Angiography -- "]
[{"$nulls":4},"10.11  Fibromuscular Dysplasia -- 10.11.1  Fibromuscular Dysplasia -- 10.11.1.1  CT."]
[{"$nulls":4},"10.11.1.2  Angiography -- 10.12  Renal Artery Aneurysm -- 10.12.1  Endovascular Embolization of Renal Artery Aneurysm -- 10.13  Arteriovenous Malformations -- 10.14  Renal Artery Dissection -- 10.15  Acute Renal Artery Occlusion: Renal Artery Thrombosis -- 10.16  Vasculitis -- 10.17  Renal Vein Thrombosis -- 10.18  Spontaneous Splenorenal Shunt -- 10.19  Renal Varix -- 10.20  Nutcracker Syndrome -- 10.21  Miscellaneous -- References -- 11: Renal Traumas in Nephrologic Patients -- 11.1  Introduction -- 11.2  Clinical Evaluation -- 11.3  Type and Classification of Renal Trauma -- 11.4  Imaging -- 11.5  Second-Level Imaging with Contrast -- 11.6  Conclusions -- References -- 12: The Elderly Kidney -- 12.1  Introduction -- 12.2  Structural Changes -- 12.3  Functional Changes -- 12.4  Ultrasound and Color Doppler Evaluation of Kidney in Elderly -- 12.4.1  Ultrasound -- 12.4.2  Color Doppler -- 12.5  Renal Disorders in the Elderly -- 12.5.1  Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) -- 12.5.1.1  US/Color Doppler -- 12.5.2  Occult Renal Insufficiency (ORI) -- 12.5.3  Diabetic Nephropathy -- 12.5.3.1  US/Color Doppler -- 12.5.4  Acute Renal Failure -- 12.5.4.1  US/Color Doppler -- 12.5.5  Vasculitis -- 12.5.5.1  US/Color Doppler -- 12.5.6  Acute Obstructive Uropathy -- 12.5.6.1  US/Color Doppler -- References -- 13: Intraparenchymal Renal Resistive Index: The Basic of Interpretation and Common Misconceptions -- 13.1  Introduction -- 13.2  Examination Technique -- 13.3  Renal Resistive Index Main Determinants -- 13.4  Cardiovascular System and Resistive Renal Index -- 13.5  Renal Resistive Index in Acute Kidney Injury -- 13.6  Renal Resistive Index in Chronic Kidney Disease -- 13.7  Renal Resistive Index in Transplanted Kidney -- 13.8  Renal Resistive Index and Splenic Resistive Index -- 13.9  Renal Resistive Index Heritability -- 13.10  Conclusions -- References."]
[{"$nulls":4},"14: Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound (CEUS) in Nephrology -- 14.1  Introduction -- 14.2  The Chemical Structure of Echo Amplifiers -- 14.3  Tolerance and Side Effects -- 14.4  Clinical Applications of CEUS Imaging in Nephrology -- 14.4.1  Study Methods -- 14.4.2  Normal Kidney -- 14.4.3  Pseudo-Lesions -- 14.4.4  Differential Diagnosis Between Solid Lesions and Cysts -- 14.4.5  Lesions with Dubious Enhancement at CT -- 14.4.6  Traumatic Pathology -- 14.4.7  Phlogistic Pathology -- 14.4.8  Study of Patients Submitted to Ablative Therapies -- 14.4.9  Renal Ischemia -- 14.4.10  Renal Artery Stenosis -- 14.4.11  Vesicoureteral Reflux -- 14.4.12  Transplanted Kidney -- References -- 15: Functional MR Imaging in Native Kidney Dysfunction -- 15.1  Functional MRI Tools -- 15.2  Dynamic Contrast-Enhanced MRI (DCE-MRI) -- 15.2.1  Clinical Applications -- 15.3  Arterial Spin Labeling (ASL) -- 15.3.1  Clinical Applications -- 15.4  Diffusion-Weighted MRI (DW-MRI) -- 15.4.1  Clinical Applications -- 15.5  Blood Oxygen Level-Dependent (BOLD) -- 15.5.1  Clinical Applications -- 15.6  Limitations and Future Directions -- References -- Part III: Transplanted Kidney -- 16: Transplanted Kidney -- 16.1  Introduction -- 16.2  Methods for the Study of Renal Transplant -- 16.2.1  Computed Tomography -- 16.2.2  MR Imaging -- 16.2.3  Nuclear Medicine -- 16.3  Ultrasound Evaluation of Normal Renal Transplant -- 16.4  Parenchymal Complications -- 16.4.1  Immediate Graft Parenchymal Complications -- 16.4.1.1  Hyper-Acute Rejection -- 16.4.1.2  Acute Tubular Necrosis (ATN) -- 16.4.2  Early Graft Parenchymal Complications -- 16.4.2.1  Acute Rejection -- 16.4.2.2  Drug Toxicity -- 16.4.2.3  Acute Graft Pyelonephritis (AGPN) -- 16.4.2.4  Viral Infections: BK and Cytomegalovirus Nephropathy -- "]
[{"$nulls":4},"16.4.3  Late Graft Parenchymal Complications."]
[{"$nulls":4},"16.4.3.1  Recurrent Primary Disease and \"De Novo\" Renal Disease."]