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[null,"1.","Record Nr.",null,"UNINA9910462345303321"]
[null,null,"Titolo",null,"Renewable energy desalination [[electronic resource] ] : an emerging solution to close the Middle East and North Africa's water gap"]
[null,null,"Pubbl/distr/stampa",null,"Washington DC, : World Bank, 2012"]
[null,null,"ISBN",null,"1-283-70516-8"]
[{"$nulls":4},"0-8213-9457-6"]
[null,null,"Descrizione fisica",null,"1 online resource (236 p.)"]
[null,null,"Collana",null,"MENA development report"]
[null,null,"Disciplina",null,"628.1/67"]
[null,null,"Soggetti",null,"Saline water conversion - Middle East"]
[{"$nulls":4},"Saline water conversion - Africa, North"]
[{"$nulls":4},"Renewable energy sources - Middle East"]
[{"$nulls":4},"Renewable energy sources - Africa, North"]
[{"$nulls":4},"Electronic books."]
[null,null,"Lingua di pubblicazione",null,"Inglese"]
[null,null,"Formato",null,"Materiale a stampa"]
[null,null,null,"Livello bibliografico","Monografia"]
[null,null,null,"Note generali","Description based upon print version of record."]
[null,null,null,"Nota di bibliografia","Includes bibliographical references."]
[null,null,"Nota di contenuto",null,"Contents; Foreword; Acknowledgments; Abbreviations; Overview; Tables; O.1 MENA Annual Water Demand and Supply under Average Climate Change Scenario, 2000-50; Figures; O.1 Sources of New Water Supplies by 2050; O.2 Distribution of Worldwide Desalination Capacity, 2007; O.2 Total Annualized Cost of Desalinated Seawater; O.3 Electricity Cost of Concentrating Solar Power Plants Compared to Specific Cost of Peak-, Medium-, and Baseload Plants (Annualized Costs); O.3 Levelized Costs of Electricity of CSP and Other Technologies; O.4 Total Annualized Cost of RE-Desalinated Seawater; 1. Introduction"]
[{"$nulls":4},"Origin and Purpose of This StudyChapter Summaries; Note; References; 2. MENA's Water Gap Will Grow Fivefold by 2050; 2.1 MENA Annual Water Demand and Supply under Average Climate Change Scenario, 2000-50; Water Availability and Demand; Maps; 2.1 Declining per Capita Water Availability: A Growing Threat in MENA; MENA's Current Water Balance: Already in the Red; 2.1 Water Resources Availability and Use in MENA Countries; Climate Change Threatens MENA's Future Water Availability; 2.2 Predicted Water Availability in the MENA Region, 2010-50; MENA's Future Water Demand: Population and GDP Factor"]
[{"$nulls":4},"2.2 Predicted Changes in Water Availability in the MENA Region, 2010-502.3 Relation between per Capita Domestic Water Withdrawals and "]
[{"$nulls":4},"GDP per Capita; 2.3 Distribution of MENA Areas Equipped for Irrigation, 2000; Future Water Balance: The Gap Grows; 2.2 MENA Irrigation Water Demand; 2.3 MENA Water Demand Gap under Three Climate Scenarios, 2000-50; 2.4 Current and Future Water Demand and Unmet Demand Gap under the Average Climate Change Projection; Imperative for Demand and Supply Management; 2.4 Value of Groundwater Depletion in Selected MENA Countries as a Share of GDP"]
[{"$nulls":4},"2.5 High-Tech Agricultural Packages Increase Water Use Efficiency2.6 Cost Range for Water Reuse; Notes; References; 3. Closing MENA's Water Gap Is Costly and Challenging; Strategic Approach; 3.1 Schematic Representation of Marginal Water Cost Curve; Unit Costs of Tactical Options; Alleviating the Demand Gap; 3.1 Effect of Tactical Options under the Average Climate Scenario to Reduce MENA Water Demand Gap by 2040-50; 3.2 Desalination Will Play a Significant Role in Closing the Water Demand Gap in Most MENA Countries by 2040-50"]
[{"$nulls":4},"3.3 Ranking and Magnitude of Tactical Options to Fill the Water Gap by 2050 Vary Considerably by CountryPhasing of Tactical Options Strongly Influenced by Sunk Investment; Transition from Conventional to CSP Desalination; 3.4 Typical Desalination Plant Life Curves, 2010-50; Phasing the Tactical Options; Costs of Adaptation Measures; 3.5 Maximum Annual Capacity Additions for CSP Desalination Plants in MENA; 3.6 Cost-Optimized Pattern of Future Water Supply for MENA under the \"Average\" Climate Change Scenario, 2000-50; 3.2 Adaptation Costs by Country Ranked by Costs per Capita; Notes"]
[{"$nulls":4},"References"]
[null,null,null,"Sommario/riassunto","The Middle East and North Africa (MENA) Region is one of the most water stressed regions in the world. Water scarcity has already become a challenge to development in many of the countries. Due to increasing population and Projected climate change impacts, MENA's annual water demand gap is projected to grow five-fold by 2050, from today's 42 Km3 to 200 km3 by 2050.Despite its extreme scarcity, water is managed poorly. Inefficiencies are common in the agriculture, municipal and industrial systems; and many utilities are financially unsustainable. As a result, countries overexploit their fossil"]