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[null,"1.","Record Nr.",null,"UNINA9910454448403321"]
[null,null,"Titolo",null,"Developments in British public policy [[electronic resource] /] / edited by Peter Dorey"]
[null,null,"Pubbl/distr/stampa",null,"London, : SAGE, c2005"]
[null,null,"ISBN",null,"1-4462-1677-2"]
[{"$nulls":4},"1-84860-602-8"]
[{"$nulls":4},"1-281-79469-4"]
[{"$nulls":4},"9786611794699"]
[null,null,"Descrizione fisica",null,"1 online resource (263 p.)"]
[null,null,"Disciplina",null,"320.60941"]
[null,null,"Soggetti",null,"Policy sciences"]
[{"$nulls":4},"Electronic books."]
[{"$nulls":4},"Great Britain Politics and government 1997-2007"]
[null,null,"Lingua di pubblicazione",null,"Inglese"]
[null,null,"Formato",null,"Materiale a stampa"]
[null,null,null,"Livello bibliografico","Monografia"]
[null,null,null,"Note generali","Description based upon print version of record."]
[null,null,null,"Nota di bibliografia","Includes bibliographical references and index."]
[null,null,"Nota di contenuto",null,"Agricultural policy / Wyn Grant -- Economic policy / Colin Thain -- Education policy / Clyde Chitty -- Foreign policy / Steve Marsh -- Health policy / Helen Jones -- Housing policy / Peter Malpass -- Industrial relations policy / Peter Dorey -- Pensions policy / Stephen Thornton -- Transport policy / Nick Robinson -- Developments in British public policy / Peter Dorey."]
[null,null,null,"Sommario/riassunto","This work provides a comprehensive review of all the key public policy sectors in contemporary British politics today. Each chapter is written by a leading authority in their field and includes case studies, discussion questions and further reading."]
[null,"2.","Record Nr.",null,"UNINA9910554500203321"]
[null,null,"Autore",null,"HaÌgerdal Nils"]
[null,null,"Titolo",null,"Friend or foe : militia intelligence and ethnic violence in the Lebanese Civil War / / Nils HaÌgerdal"]
[null,null,"Pubbl/distr/stampa",null,"New York, New York : , : Columbia University Press, , [2021]"]
[{"$nulls":4},"Â©2021"]
[null,null,"ISBN",null,"0-231-55372-2"]
[null,null,"Descrizione fisica",null,"1 online resource (xiii, 223 pages) : illustrations, maps"]
[null,null,"Collana",null,"Columbia Studies in Middle East Politics"]
[null,null,"Disciplina",null,"956.92044"]
[null,null,"Soggetti",null,"Ethnic conflict - Lebanon"]
[{"$nulls":4},"Lebanon History Civil War, 1975-1990"]
[{"$nulls":4},"Lebanon Ethnic relations"]
[null,null,"Lingua di pubblicazione",null,"Inglese"]
[null,null,"Formato",null,"Materiale a stampa"]
[null,null,null,"Livello bibliografico","Monografia"]
[null,null,"Nota di contenuto",null,"Frontmatter -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- I Ethnic Violence in Non- Separatist Wars -- II The Lebanese Civil War, 1975– 1990 -- III Demographics, Migration, and Violence -- IV Lebanon’s Christian Militias -- V Palestinian, Muslim, and Left- Wing Armed Groups -- Conclusion -- Notes -- References -- Index"]
[null,null,null,"Sommario/riassunto","When civil conflicts break out in plural societies, violence often occurs along group divides—running the risk of spiraling into ethnic cleansing. Yet for militants who do not seek ethnic separation as a political goal, indiscriminate attacks are detrimental to their cause. Under what circumstances are such combatants more or less likely to commit ethnic violence?Nils Hägerdal examines the Lebanese civil war to offer a new theory that highlights the interplay of ethnicity and intelligence gathering. He shows that when militias can obtain reliable intelligence—particularly in demographically intermixed areas where information can cross ethnic boundaries—they are likely to refrain from indiscriminate tactics. Access to local intelligence helps armed groups distinguish between neutral and hostile non-coethnics to target individual opponents while leaving civilians in peace. Conversely, when militias struggle to access local information, they often fall back on ethnicity as a proxy for political allegiance, with bloody consequences. As intelligence capabilities shape the course of sectarian strife, the role of ethnicity can vary even within a particular conflict.Hägerdal conducted sixteen months of fieldwork in Lebanon, interviewing former "]
[{"$nulls":4},"militia fighters and commanders and collecting novel statistical evidence. He combines documentation by government agencies, NGOs, local news media, and the United Nations with firsthand narratives by participants to provide an unparalleled account of the processes that generate violence or coexistence when a diverse society descends into armed conflict. Theoretically innovative and descriptively rich, Friend or Foe sheds new light on the logic and dynamics of ethnic violence in civil wars."]