{"text_format":"2","workbook":"xls","n_sheets":1,"sheets":["report2"],"not_rendered":{"charts":0,"images":0,"macros":0,"external_links":1,"defined_names":1,"comments":0,"pivot_tables":0},"unopened":[],"bounds":{"document_bytes":16777216,"sheet_cells":100000,"run_cost":"one","rows_first":2000,"rows_last":500,"rows_between":2000,"halvings":0,"cell_chars":16384,"cell_head_chars":4096},"cells_cut":0,"cells_raw":0,"read":"whole","date_system":"1900","formulas":"cached_only"}

{"sheet":"report2","index":0,"n_rows":27,"n_cols":5,"rows_kept":27,"cut":false,"hidden":false,"merged":[[0,2,0,3],[0,4,0,5],[1,2,1,3],[1,4,1,5],[2,2,2,3],[2,4,2,5],[3,2,3,3],[5,2,5,3],[6,2,6,3],[7,2,7,3],[8,2,8,3],[9,2,9,3],[10,2,10,3],[12,2,12,3],[13,2,13,3],[17,2,17,3]],"flags":["formulas_cached_only"]}
[null,"1.","Record Nr.",null,"UNINA9910324956903321"]
[null,null,"Autore",null,"Josephs Lewis S. <1943->"]
[null,null,"Titolo",null,"Palauan Reference Grammar / Lewis S. Josephs ; with the assistance of Masa-aki Emesiochel, Masaharu Tmodrang, Helen Wilson"]
[null,null,"Pubbl/distr/stampa",null,"Honolulu : , : University Press of Hawaii, , 1975"]
[{"$nulls":4},"©1975"]
[null,null,"ISBN",null,"0-8248-7906-6"]
[null,null,"Edizione",null,"[1st ed.]"]
[null,null,"Descrizione fisica",null,"1 online resource (110 pages)"]
[null,null,"Collana",null,"PALI Language Texts--Micronesia Series"]
[null,null,"Disciplina",null,"499/.5"]
[null,null,"Soggetti",null,"Palauan language - Grammar"]
[{"$nulls":4},"Electronic books."]
[null,null,"Lingua di pubblicazione",null,"Inglese"]
[null,null,"Formato",null,"Materiale a stampa"]
[null,null,null,"Livello bibliografico","Monografia"]
[null,null,null,"Note generali","Includes index."]
[null,null,null,"Nota di bibliografia","Bibliography: p. [547]"]
[null,null,"Nota di contenuto",null,"Intro -- Palauan Reference Grammar -- Palauan Reference Grammar -- Contents -- Preface -- 1 Sounds and Spelling of Palauan -- 1.1. SOUND SYSTEM OF PALAUAN -- 1.2. SIGNIFICANT SOUNDS (PHONEMES) OF PALAUAN -- 1.3. THE CONSONANTS OF PALAUAN -- 1.3.1. Stops -- 1.3.2. Fricative -- 1.3.3. Nasals -- 1.3.4. Liquids -- 1.3.4.1. The Sequences ll and rr -- 1.3.5. Syllabic Consonants -- 1.4. THE VOWELS OF PALAUAN -- 1.4.1. High Vowels i and u -- 1.4.2. Mid Vowels e, ȩ, and o -- 1.4.3. Low Vowel a -- 1.4.4. The Vowel ȩ and the Process of Vowel Reduction -- 1.4.5. Other Occurrences of Schwa -- 1.4.6. Long Vowels -- 1.4.7. Vowel Clusters -- 1.5. FURTHER RULES OF PALAUAN SPELLING -- 1.6. SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER STUDY -- 2 Palauan Nouns -- 2.1. GRAMMATICAL SYSTEM OF PALAUAN -- 2.2. IDENTIFICATION OF PALAUAN NOUNS -- 2.3. DISTRIBUTION OF PALAUAN NOUNS -- 2.4. PRONOUNS -- 2.5. PLURALS -- 2.6. THE PALAUAN WORD a -- 2.7. SPECIFIC VS. NON-SPECIFIC OBJECT NOUNS -- 3 Noun Possession -- 3.1. POSSESSOR SUFFIXES AND POSSESSED NOUNS -- 3.2. PERSON AND NUMBER -- 3.3. FOUR SETS OF POSSESSOR SUFFIXES -- 3.4. VOWEL REDUCTION -- 3.4.1. Vowel Deletion -- 3.4.2. Shortening of Long Vowels -- 3.4.3. Shortening of Vowel Clusters -- *3.4.3.1. Technical Discussion of Vowel Cluster Shortening -- 3.4.4. Possessed Nouns with -ng-. -- 3.4.5. Alternation Between -ng and -l- -- 3.5. OBLIGATORILY POSSESSED NOUNS -- 3.6. PALAUAN NOUN PHRASES -- 3.7. NOUN PHRASES OF POSSESSION VS. NOUN PHRASES OF CHARACTERIZATION -- 3.8. UNPOSSESSIBLE NOUNS -- 3.9. NOUN PHRASES OF CHARACTERIZATION: FURTHER EXAMPLES -- 3.10. "]
[{"$nulls":4},"APPOSITIONAL STRUCTURES -- 3.11. SOME SPECIAL POSSESSED NOUNS -- 3.12. SUMMARY OF PALAUAN NOUN PHRASES -- 4 Palauan Pronouns -- 4.1. INDEPENDENT PRONOUNS AND AFFIX PRONOUNS -- 4.2. NON-EMPHATIC VS. EMPHATIC SUBJECTS -- 4.3. USE OF EMPHATIC PRONOUNS FOLLOWING ȩr."]
[{"$nulls":4},"4.4. EMPHATIC PRONOUNS IN COORDINATE NOUN PHRASES -- 4.5. EMPHATIC PRONOUNS PRECEDED BY di -- 4.6. OTHER USES OF EMPHATIC PRONOUNS -- 4.7. NON-EMPHATIC PRONOUNS AS PRONOMINAL TRACES -- 4.8. PRONOMINALIZATION -- 4.9. OBJECT PRONOUNS AND PERFECTIVE VERBS -- 4.9.1. The Zero (Ø) Object Pronoun -- 4.9.2. Further Examples of Perfective Verb Forms -- 4.9.3. Verbs with Limited Perfective Forms -- 4.9.4. Variant Forms of the Object Pronouns -- 4.10. HYPOTHETICAL PRONOUNS -- 4.10.1. Hypothetical Pronouns with Imperfective Verbs -- 4.10.2. Hypothetical Pronouns as Agents -- 4.10.3. Hypothetical Pronouns with the Past Tense -- 4.10.4. Reduced Variants of the Hypothetical Pronouns -- 4.10.5. Distribution of the Reduced Variants -- 4.10.6. Hypothetical Forms of Complex Verb Phrases -- 4.10.7. Imperative Verb Forms -- 4.10.8. Propositive Verb Forms -- 4.10.9. Summary of Hypothetical Pronouns -- 5 Palauan Verbs -- 5.1. IDENTIFICATION OF PALAUAN VERBS -- 5.1.1. Action Verbs: Transitive and Intransitive -- 5.1.2. State Verbs -- 5.1.3. Further Differences Between Action Verbs and State Verbs -- 5.2. DISTRIBUTION OF PALAUAN VERBS -- 5.3. TENSE -- 5.3.1. Present Tense -- 5.3.2. Past Tense -- 5.3.2.1. The Auxiliary mla. -- 5.3.3. Future Tense -- 5.4. THE VERB MARKER AND ERGATIVE VERB FORMS -- 5.5. IMPERFECTIVE VS. PERFECTIVE VERB FORMS -- 5.6. ACTIVE AND PASSIVE SENTENCES -- 5.7. FURTHER TYPES OF VERBS -- 5.8. SUMMARY OF PALAUAN VERBS -- 6 The Verb Marker and Perfective Verb Forms -- 6.1. THE VERB MARKER PREFIXES -- 6.1.1. The Prefix ou- -- 6.2. THE INFIXED VERB MARKER AND METATHESIS -- 6.2.1. Absence of the Verb Marker in Hypothetical Verb Forms -- 6.3. SELECTED LIST OF PERFECTIVE VERB FORMS -- 6.3.1. Metathesis in Perfective Verb Forms -- 6.3.2. The Metathesized Verb Marker and Vowel Blending -- 6.3.3. Deletion of the Metathesized Verb Marker."]
[{"$nulls":4},"6.4. VOWEL REDUCTION AND VOWEL DELETION IN PERFECTIVE VERB FORMS -- *6.5. ADDITIONAL REMARKS ON PERFECTIVE VERB FORMS -- 6.6. PERFECTIVE FORMS OF TRANSITIVE VERBS IN o- -- 6.7. HYPOTHETICAL FORMS OF PERFECTIVE VERBS -- 7 State Verbs -- 7.1. INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF STATE VERBS -- 7.2. STATE VERBS WITH PLURAL SUBJECTS -- 7.3. VERBS WITH mle AND -il- IN THE PAST -- 7.4. TRANSITIVE STATE VERBS -- 7.5. STATE VERBS WITH bȩ- -- 7.6. THE PREFIXES bȩkȩ- AND sekȩ- -- 7.6.1. State Verbs with bȩkȩ- Denoting Smells -- 7.7. RESULTING STATE VERBS -- 7.8. ANTICIPATING STATE VERBS -- 7.8.1. The Anticipating State Suffix -all -- 7.8.2. Resulting and Anticipating State Verbs as Nouns -- 7.9. TRANSITIVE VERBS DERIVED FROM STATE VERBS -- 8 Noun Derivation -- 8.1. INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF PALAUAN NOUNS -- 8.2.  STATE VERBS FUNCTIONING AS NOUNS -- 8.3. NOUNS DERIVED WITH -(ȩ)l- FROM INTRANSITIVE VERBS -- 8.4. NOUNS DERIVED FROM RECIPROCAL VERBS -- 8.5. ABSTRACT NOUNS DERIVED WITH kl(ȩ)- -- 8.6. INSTRUMENT AND ACTION NOUNS WITH o- -- 8.7. NOUNS DERIVED WITH ul(ȩ)- -- 9 Causative Verbs -- 9.1. MEANING AND USE OF CAUSATIVE VERBS -- 9.2. FORMS OF THE CAUSATIVE PREFIX -- 9.2.1. The Prefix omȩ(k)- -- *9.2.1.1. Technical Discussion of the Prefix omȩ(k)- -- 9.2.1.2. Additional Types of Causative Verbs with omȩ(k)- -- 9.2.1.3. Sample Sentences with omȩ(k)- Causatives -- 9.2.2. The Prefix ol(ȩ)- -- *9.2.2.1. Technical Discussion of the Prefix ol(ȩ)- -- 9.2.2.2. Additional Types of Causative Verbs with ol(ȩ)- -- 9.2.2.3. Sample Sentences with "]
[{"$nulls":4},"ol(ȩ)- Causatives -- 9.3. VERB STEMS ALLOWING TWO CAUSATIVES -- 9.4. PERFECTIVE FORMS OF CAUSATIVE VERBS -- 9.5. ERGATIVE FORMS OF CAUSATIVE VERBS -- 9.6. HYPOTHETICAL FORMS OF CAUSATIVE VERBS -- 10 Reciprocal Verbs -- 10.1. MEANING AND USE OF RECIPROCAL VERBS -- 10.2. FORMS OF THE RECIPROCAL PREFIX."]
[{"$nulls":4},"10.2.1. Reciprocal Verbs Related to Causative Verbs -- 10.2.2. Reciprocal Verbs Related to Verbs in ou- -- 10.2.3. Reciprocal Verbs Derived From Transitive Verb Stems -- 10.2.4. The Reciprocal Prefix cha- -- 10.3. SAMPLE SENTENCES WITH RECIPROCAL VERBS -- 10.4. EXTENDED FUNCTIONS OF THE RECIPROCAL PREFIX -- 11 Reduplication and Further Verb Affixation -- 11.1. TYPES OF VERB DERIVATION -- 11.1.1. Previous Examples of Reduplication -- 11.2. REDUPLICATION OF SIMPLE STATE VERBS -- 11.2.1. Reduplication of Possessed Nouns -- 11.3. REDUPLICATION OF STATE VERBS IN mȩ- -- 11.4. REDUPLICATION OF DERIVED STATE VERBS -- 11.5. COMPLEX PATTERNS OF REDUPLICATION -- 11.6. REDUPLICATION OF INTRANSITIVE ACTION VERBS -- 11.7. REDUPLICATION OF TRANSITIVE ACTION VERBS -- 11.8. REDUPLICATION OF VERBS IN ou- AND o- -- 11.9. REDUPLICATION OF CAUSATIVE VERBS -- 11.10. REDUPLICATION OF RECIPROCAL VERBS -- 11.11. \"FOSSILIZED\" REDUPLICATION -- 11.12. THE PREDICTIVE AND INCHOATIVE SUFFIXES -- 11.12.1 Predictive and Inchoative Forms of Intransitive Action Verbs -- 11.12.2. Predictive and Inchoative Forms of Ergative Verbs -- 11.12.3. Predictive and Inchoative Forms of Imperfective Verbs -- 11.12.4. Inchoative Forms of State Verbs -- 11.12.5. Predictive and Inchoative Forms of mo -- 11.12.6. The Predictive Word ku -- 12 Imperfective vs. Perfective Verbs -- 12.1. MEANING OF IMPERFECTIVE VS. PERFECTIVE VERB FORMS -- 12.2. IMPERFECTIVE VS. PERFECTIVE VERB FORMS IN VARIOUS TENSES -- 12.3. FURTHER EXAMPLES OF CONTRAST BETWEEN IMPERFECTIVE AND PERFECTIVE VERB FORMS -- 12.4. IMPERFECTIVE VS. PERFECTIVE VERB FORMS AND SPECIFIC OBJECTS -- 12.5. CONTEXTUAL RESTRICTIONS ON THE USE OF IMPERFECTIVE VS. PERFECTIVE VERB FORMS -- 12.6. THE TRANSITIVE VERB omes -- 12.7. THE TRANSITIVE VERB orrengȩs -- 13 Directional Verbs -- 13.1. THE THREE DIRECTIONAL VERBS OF PALAUAN."]
[{"$nulls":4},"13.2. MEANING AND USE OF THE DIRECTIONAL VERBS -- 13.3. DIRECTIONAL VERBS FOLLOWED BY ACTION VERBS -- 13.4. THE DIRECTIONAL VERBS AND FUTURE TIME -- 13.5. THE DIRECTIONAL VERB mo AND CHANGE OF STATE -- 13.5.1. Change of State Expressions With Noun Phrases -- 13.6. SPECIAL VERBAL EXPRESSIONS WITH mo -- 14 Relational Phrases -- 14.1. DISTRIBUTION AND FUNCTION OF RELATIONAL PHRASES -- 14.2. LOCATIONAL PHRASES -- 14.2.1. Locational Phrases With Nouns Describing Spatial Relationships. -- 14.2.2. Additional Examples of Nouns Describing Spatial Relationships -- 14.3. DIRECTIONAL PHRASES -- 14.3.1. Further Types of Directional Phrases -- 14.4. SOURCE PHRASES -- 14.4.1. Further Types of Source Phrases -- 14.5. CAUSE PHRASES -- 14.6. TEMPORAL PHRASES -- 14.7. SENTENCES WITH MORE THAN ONE RELATIONAL PHRASE -- 14.8. RELATIONAL PHRASES USED TO EXPRESS COMPARISON -- 14.9. FURTHER TYPES OF PALAUAN RELATIONAL PHRASES -- 15 Dependent Clauses -- 15.1. CHARACTERISTICS OF DEPENDENT CLAUSES -- 15.2. PURPOSE CLAUSES -- 15.2.1. Purpose Clauses Containing Directional Verbs -- 15.2.2. Purpose Clauses Following Nouns -- 15.3. INSTRUMENT CLAUSES -- 15.4. PURPOSE AND INSTRUMENT CLAUSES WITH PAST TENSE VERB FORMS -- 15.5. MEANS OF TRANSPORTATION CLAUSES -- 15.6. ACCOMPANIMENT CLAUSES -- 15.7. SPECIFYING CLAUSES -- 15.7.1. Specifying Clauses Containing Directional Verbs -- 15.7.2. Specifying Clauses Following lmuut -- "]
[{"$nulls":4},"15.7.3. Specifying Clauses Following dmak -- 15.7.4. Specifying Clauses Containing the Perfective Forms of mȩrkui -- 15.7.4.1. Regional Variation in the Use of ȩl rokir and ȩl rokui -- 15.7.5. Specifying Clauses Designating Periods of Time -- 15.7.6. Specifying Clauses in Sentences Designating Manner -- 15.7.7. Specifying Clauses Following Special Verbs -- 16 Object Clauses -- 16.1. STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF OBJECT CLAUSES."]
[{"$nulls":4},"16.2. OBJECT CLAUSES FOLLOWING omuchȩl AND mo mȩrek."]
[null,null,null,"Sommario/riassunto","The Palauan reference grammar offers a comprehensive description of the language that will interest speakers of Palauan and linguists alike.Although the linguistic phenomena of Palauan are often extremely complex, special efforts have been made to keep explanations as simple and clear as possible while capturing the essential phonological and."]