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[null,"1.","Record Nr.",null,"UNICASSBL0170199"]
[null,null,"Autore",null,"Murry, John Middleton"]
[null,null,"Titolo",null,"Shakespeare / John Middleton Murry ; traduzione di Francesco Lo Bue"]
[null,null,"Pubbl/distr/stampa",null,"Torino, : G. Einaudi, 1977"]
[null,null,"Titolo uniforme",null,"Shakespeare"]
[null,null,"Descrizione fisica",null,"439 p. ; 20 cm"]
[null,null,"Collana",null,"Reprints Einaudi ; 104"]
[null,null,"Disciplina",null,"822.33"]
[null,null,"Soggetti",null,"Shakespeare, William"]
[null,null,"Lingua di pubblicazione",null,"Italiano"]
[null,null,"Formato",null,"Materiale a stampa"]
[null,null,null,"Livello bibliografico","Monografia"]
[null,null,null,"Note generali","Riproduzione facsimilare dell'ed.: Torino, G. Einaudi, 1953"]
[null,"2.","Record Nr.",null,"UNINA9910961222403321"]
[null,null,"Autore",null,"Kumar Anjali"]
[null,null,"Titolo",null,"Access to financial services in Brazil / / Anjali Kumar"]
[null,null,"Pubbl/distr/stampa",null,"Washington, DC, : World Bank, 2005"]
[null,null,"ISBN",null,"1-280-08399-9"]
[{"$nulls":4},"9786610083992"]
[{"$nulls":4},"1-4175-6189-0"]
[null,null,"Edizione",null,"[1st ed.]"]
[null,null,"Descrizione fisica",null,"lxxii, 619 pages : illustrations ; ; 23 cm"]
[null,null,"Collana",null,"Directions in development"]
[null,null,"Disciplina",null,"332.1/7/0981"]
[null,null,"Soggetti",null,"Finance - Brazil"]
[{"$nulls":4},"Financial institutions - Brazil"]
[null,null,"Lingua di pubblicazione",null,"Inglese"]
[null,null,"Formato",null,"Materiale a stampa"]
[null,null,null,"Livello bibliografico","Monografia"]
[null,null,null,"Note generali","Bibliographic Level Mode of Issuance: Monograph"]
[null,null,null,"Nota di bibliografia","Includes bibliographical references and index."]
[null,null,"Nota di contenuto",null,"Intro -- Contents -- Foreword -- Acknowledgments -- Executive Summary -- Abbreviations -- Currency Equivalents -- 1. Assessing Access -- Growth, Poverty Reduction, and Access to Financial Services -- Basic Supply-Side Measures of Financial Services Offered in Brazil -- Demand-Side Measures of Access: An Enterprise Survey -- Demand-Side Measures of Access: A Survey of Urban Individuals -- Analysis of Survey Results: What Factors Are Associated with Access? -- An Econometric Investigation of Determinants of Access -- Summary of Findings and Policy Implications -- Annex 1.1 Financial Markets and Welfare-Enhancement: Microeconomic Aspects -- Annex 1.2 Technical Note on Estimation: Urban Financial Survey -- 2. Expanding Microfinance -- Microcredit, Access, and Poverty: A New Paradigm? -- Microfinance in Brazil: Evolution and Status -- Microfinance in Brazil: Constraints and Challenges -- Microfinance Regulation and Supervision: Future Policy Options -- The Credit Cooperative Movement and Its Contributions to Access -- Legal, Regulatory, and Supervisory Framework for Credit Cooperatives -- Annex 2.1 Microfinance and Technology -- 3. Downscaling Private Banks -- Deposit Services: Small Clients and Special Savings -- Credit Services: Provision of Small Loans -- Entry Requirements, Prices, and Transaction Costs -- Delivery Channels: Branches, ATMs, and Correspondent Banking -- New Technologies: Use of the Internet and Phone Banking -- Downscaling of Banks Elsewhere: What Can Banks Do? -- Annex 3.1 Bank Downscaling: One Bank's Viewpoint -- 4. Partnering Nonbanks -- Introduction -- "]
[{"$nulls":4},"Factoring -- Leasing -- Consumer Finance for Individuals and Trade Finance for Enterprises -- 5. Channeling Rural Finance -- Specialized Finance and Directed Credit in Brazil -- Overview of Rural Finance in Brazil -- Analysis of the Present System of Agricultural Credit."]
[{"$nulls":4},"Designing Rural Financial Systems: Principles and Experience -- Conclusions and Recommendations -- Annex 5.1 The Subsidy Dependence Index: Rationale and Calculation -- Annex 5.2 Old and New Approaches to Rural Finance: Goals and Principles -- Annex 5.3 The New Approach to Rural Finance: Indonesia's BRI-Unit Desas -- 6. Installing Institutional Infrastructure -- Creditor Rights, Security Interests, and Access to Credit -- Security Interests -- Credit Information and Credit Reporting -- 7. Enlisting the Government -- Government Policy and Access: Macro-and Regulatory Environment -- Proactive Government Policies: Supportive Microeconomic Measures -- Conclusion -- Appendix: Statistical Tables -- Endnotes -- Bibliography -- List of Institutions and Web Addresses -- Index -- Figures -- 1.1 Growth in Numbers of Financial Institutions, 1993-2002 -- 1.2 Evolution of Financial Service Outlets in Brazil, 1994-2002 -- 1.3 Ownership of Bank Service Points in Brazil -- 1.4 Branch Density by State in Brazil -- 1.5 Municipalities with No Services -- 1.6 Brazil and Other Countries: Population Served per Bank Branch -- 1.7 Deposit and Savings Behavior: Survey of Urban Individuals -- 1.8 Role of Location in Financial Access -- 1.9 The Role of Income in Different Measures of Financial Access -- 2.1 Growth of Loan Portfolio and Client Base of Main Microfinance Providers in Brazil -- 2.2 Growth of the Grameen Bank in Bangladesh, Self-Help Groups in India, and Top 10 MFIs in Bolivia -- 2.3 Comparison of Interest Rates Charged on Loans with Other Institutions in Latin America -- 2.4 Capital, Deposits, and Loans of the SICOOB and SICREDI Cooperative Systems, 1998-2001 -- 2.5 Cooperatives in Brazil, by Type of Cooperative, 2001 -- 2.6 Evolution of Profits and Equity for the SICOOB Cooperative System."]
[{"$nulls":4},"3.1 Interest Rates for Special Savings Deposits and Term Deposits, 1999-2002 -- 3.2 Structure of Aggregate Deposits, December 2001 -- 3.3 Structure of Deposits below R5,000 by Type, Institution, Numbers of Clients, and Value, December 2001 -- 3.4 Structure of Sight and Special Savings Deposits from R1,000 to R5,000, December 2001 -- 3.5 Credit Operations with Nonearmarked Funds, July 2000 to December 2002 -- 3.6 Regional Distribution of ATMs Relative to Population and Income in Brazil -- 3.7 Bank Transactions and Cellular Phone Costs in Brazil and Other Countries -- 3.8 Teledensity and Gross Domestic Product per Capita and Telecommunications in Brazil and Other Countries -- 3.9 Main Telephone Line, Cellular, and Internet Penetration in Brazil and Other Countries -- 3.10 Online Internet Banking in Brazil and Asia -- 3.11 Internet Use and Online Banking in Brazil and the United States -- 4.1 Loans to Companies and Individuals in Brazil, by Instrument -- 4.2 Evolution of the Portfolio of Factoring Companies Associated with ANFAC -- 4.3 Factoring Companies' Portfolios, by Sector, 2000-01 -- 4.4 Evolution of Purchase Factor, Interest Rates, and Spreads in Brazil, July 1994 to February 2003 -- 4.5 Evolution of the Leasing Portfolio and Operations in Brazil, by Type of Asset, 1990 to February 2003 -- 4.6 Types of Indexation in Leasing Contracts in Brazil, 1998 to February 2003 -- 4.7 Evolution of Leasing Operations, by Sector, 1993 to February 2003 -- 4.8 Finance Companies' Role in Consumer Credit in Brazil -- 5.1 Trends and Composition of Directed Credit, 2000-02 -- 5.2 Nominal and Real Interest Rates in Rural Credit in Brazil, 1995-2001 -- 5.3 Credit Flows to Agriculture: Reductions with Fluctuation,1969-2002 -- 5.4 Flow of Funds under the National Rural Credit System -- 5.5 Sources of Funds "]
[{"$nulls":4},"for Agricultural Credit: Increased Obligatory Lending."]
[{"$nulls":4},"5.6 Rural Credit from PRONAF -- 5.7 Agricultural Production and Formal Agricultural Credit -- 5.8 Correlation of Volume of Credit and Land Price Value -- 5.9 Distribution of Agricultural Credit by Contract Size -- 5.10 Narrowing Spread between the SELIC Rate and the Controlled Agricultural Interest Rate -- 5.11 Integrated Credit and Insurance Products: Suggestions for Efficiency Gains -- 6.1 Spreads in Bank Intermediation in Brazil -- 6.2 Registration Costs of Mortgages in the State of São Paulo -- 6.3 Use of Credit Registries by Different Entities -- 6.4 International Examples of Credit Registry Information -- 7.1 Ratios of Credit to GDP and Debt to GDP over Time in Brazil, January 1995 to March 2003 -- 7.2 Shares of Securities in Bank Assets (December 1999 to December 2002) and Money Supply in Brazil (July 1994 to June 2003) -- 7.3 Trends in Spreads and Reserve Requirements in Brazil, January 1995 to March 2003 -- Tables -- 1.1 Income Distribution: An International Comparison -- 1.2 Depth of Financial Markets: Brazil and Other Emerging Economies, 1999/2000 -- 1.3 Branch Density across Brazilian Regions -- 1.4 Provision of Bank Services across Regions -- 1.5 Provision of Bank Services across Municipalities, 1996 -- 1.6 Public and Private Provision of Bank Services across Regions -- 1.7 Bank Branch Density: An International Comparison -- 1.8 What Explains Bank Branch Services across Municipalities? -- 1.9 What Explains Public versus Private Bank Branch Services across Municipalities in Brazil? -- 1.10 Financing Constraints in Brazil: An International Comparison -- 1.11 Indicator of Access: Access to Financial Institutions -- 1.12 Access to Loans and Credits -- 1.13 Access to Loans and Credits: Reasons for Loan Refusals -- 1.14 Determinants of Access to Financial Services: Results."]
[{"$nulls":4},"1.15 Econometric Results: Determinants of Volume of Credit Requested and Approved -- 1.16 Econometric Results: The Probability of Using Public Banks for Access, Deposits, and Credit -- 1.17 Econometric Results: The Probability of Using Public Banks for Real Estate Purchase -- 2.1 BNDES Program of Support to Microenterprises, 1997 to 2002 -- 2.2 Credit Cooperatives and MFIs in Brazil, 1997-2002 -- 2.3 Main Microfinance Providers in Brazil, end-2001 -- 2.4 Microfinance Penetration in Brazil and Other Latin American Countries, 2001 -- 2.5 Selected Performance Indicators of Main Microfinance Institutions in Brazil -- 2.6 Loan Quality Indicators, Selected Sample of MFIs in Latin America -- 2.7 Operational Efficiency Indicators, Selected Sample of MFIs in Latin America -- 2.8 Comparison of Average Loan Size across Latin America -- 2.9 Sources of Funding and Interest Rates Charged by Main Brazilian MFIs -- 2.10 COFIDE Financing to MFIs, by December 2001 -- 2.11 Capital Requirements for Regulated MFIs -- 2.12 Number of Cooperatives in Brazil, by Type -- 2.13 Distribution of Rural Credit, by Purpose and Lending Institution -- 2.14 CRESOL Membership, by Farm Size and Annual Income, 1999 -- 2.15 Credit Cooperatives in Brazil and Other Countries, 2001 -- 2.16 Evolution of WOCCU-Affiliated Credit Unions in Brazil -- 2.17 Classification of Assets for Banks and Select Cooperatives, by Level of Risk -- 2.18 Key Financial Indicators for the SICREDI Cooperative System -- 3.1 Structure of Deposits by Type and Institution, December 2001 -- 3.2 Three Main Reasons for Wanting a Bank Account -- 3.3 One Year of Treasury Direct Retail Bond Sales in Brazil, January 2002 to January 2003 -- 3.4 Share of Brazil's Commercial Banks in the Small-Loan Market in Terms of Loan Value, November 2001."]
[{"$nulls":4},"3.5 Recent Evolution of Bank Shares in the Small-Loan Market, December 2000 to November 2001."]
[null,null,null,"Sommario/riassunto","There has been a growing awareness worldwide that financial exclusion "]
[{"$nulls":4},"reduces the potential welfare of individuals and the productivity of enterprises in an economy. This study focuses on the delivery of financial services to one of the world's most important emerging financial markets, Brazil. Despite concerns regarding diminishing bank numbers over the last decade there is no evidence of a trend decline in access to bank services in Brazil. Comparing Brazil with other countries at similar levels of development, Brazil is not underbanked. Yet the absolute numbers of the financially excluded are large and disparities in financial access can be at least as significant between neighborhoods within a city, as between regions of the country. Brazil - Access to Financial Services emphasizes the role of financial infrastructure. The contribution of non-banks to access so far has been based to some degree upon regulatory arbitrage opportunities with the banking system, and they have suffered from varying degrees of lack of legal clarity.; Credit to small borrowers is also impeded by difficulties in loan recovery, due partly to 'judicial activism' and also to difficulties in the use of collateral. Further improvements in credit registries and credit reporting can greatly ease lending to small borrowers with limited credit history. Finally, the macroeconomic environment has a profound influence on overall access. The government's large borrowing needs impact negatively upon private credit and the high taxation of the financial system, partly to finance such needs, is another deterrent. Nevertheless, there is a role for more proactive government policies towards access at a micro level through the creation of a more supportive enabling environment in terms of regulation, monitoring and disclosure and selective support."]