LEADER 01306nam a22002651i 4500 001 991002294299707536 005 20040229202909.0 008 040407s1963 us |||||||||||||||||eng 035 $ab1290076x-39ule_inst 035 $aARCHE-088038$9ExL 040 $aDip.to Filologia Class. e Scienze Filosofiche$bita$cA.t.i. Arché s.c.r.l. Pandora Sicilia s.r.l. 082 04$a901 110 2 $aStati Uniti d' America.$bsocial science research council : committee on historical analysis$0486434 245 10$aGeneralization in the writing of history :$ba report of the Committee on historical analysis of the social science research council /$cedited by Louis Gottschalk 260 $aChicago :$bThe University of Chicago Press,$cc1963 300 $aXIII, 255 p. ;$c22 cm 650 4$aStoriografia$xStudi 700 1 $aGottschalk, Louis 907 $a.b1290076x$b02-04-14$c16-04-04 912 $a991002294299707536 945 $aLE007 901 STA 01.01$g1$i2015000081735$lle007$o-$pE0.00$q-$rl$s- $t0$u0$v0$w0$x0$y.i13466033$z16-04-04 945 $aLE016 STO 16 504 $g1$i2016000098808$lle016$nFondo Nenci$on$pE6.00$q-$rn$so $t0$u0$v0$w0$x0$y.i14438902$z02-05-07 996 $aGeneralization in the writing of history$9280270 997 $aUNISALENTO 998 $ale007$ale016$b16-04-04$cm$da $e-$feng$gus $h0$i1 LEADER 12301nam 2200601 450 001 9910830617103321 005 20230629234215.0 010 $a1-5231-4336-3 010 $a1-119-41468-7 010 $a1-119-41469-5 010 $a1-119-41467-9 035 $a(CKB)4100000010870871 035 $a(MiAaPQ)EBC6607710 035 $a(Au-PeEL)EBL6607710 035 $a(OCoLC)1251443777 035 $a(NjHacI)994100000010870871 035 $a(BIP)075016867 035 $a(EXLCZ)994100000010870871 100 $a20220118d2021 uy 0 101 0 $aeng 135 $aur||||||||||| 181 $ctxt$2rdacontent 182 $cc$2rdamedia 183 $acr$2rdacarrier 200 10$aDistillation $ePrinciples and Practice 205 $a2nd ed. 210 1$aNewark :$cAmerican Institute of Chemical Engineers,$d2021. 210 4$d©2021. 215 $a1 online resource (685 pages) 311 $a1-119-41466-0 320 $aIncludes bibliographical references and index. 327 $aCover -- Title Page -- Copyright -- Contents -- Preface -- Nomenclature -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Principle of Distillation Separation -- 1.2 Historical -- 2 Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium -- 2.1 Basic Thermodynamic Correlations -- 2.1.1 Measures of Concentration -- 2.1.2 Equations of State (EOS) -- 2.1.3 Molar Mixing and Partial Molar State Variables -- 2.1.4 Saturation Vapor Pressure and Boiling Temperature of Pure Components -- 2.1.5 Fundamental Equation and the Chemical Potential -- 2.1.6 Gibbs-Duhem Equation and Gibbs-Helmholtz Equation -- 2.2 Calculation of Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium in Mixtures -- 2.2.1 Basic Equilibrium Conditions -- 2.2.2 Gibbs Phase Rule -- 2.2.3 Correlations for the Chemical Potential -- 2.2.4 Calculating Activity Coefficients with the Molar Excess Free Energy -- 2.2.5 Thermodynamic Consistency Check of Molar Excess Free Energy and Activity Coefficients -- 2.2.6 Iso-fugacity Condition -- 2.2.7 Fugacity of the Liquid Phase -- 2.2.8 Fugacity of the Vapor Phase -- 2.2.9 Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium Using an Equation of St -- 2.2.10 Fugacity of Pure Liquid as Standard Fugacity: Raoult's Law -- 2.2.11 Fugacity of Infinitely Diluted Component as Standard Fugacity: Henry's Law -- 2.2.12 Correlations Describing the Molar Excess Free Energy and Activity Coefficients -- 2.2.13 Using Experimental Data of Binary Mixtures for Correlations Describing the Molar Excess Free Energy and Activity Coefficients -- 2.2.14 Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium Ratio of Mixtures -- 2.2.15 Relative Volatility of Mixtures -- 2.2.16 Boiling Condition of Liquid Mixtures -- 2.2.17 Condensation (Dew Point) Condition of Vapor Mixtures -- 2.3 Binary Mixtures and Phase Diagrams -- 2.3.1 Boiling Curve Correlation -- 2.3.2 Condensation (Dew Point) Curve Correlation -- 2.3.3 (p, x, y)-Diagram -- 2.3.4 (T, x, y)-Diagram -- 2.3.5 McCabe-Thiele Diagram. 327 $a2.3.6 Boiling and Condensation Behavior of Binary Mixtures -- 2.3.7 General Aspects of Azeotropic Mixtures -- 2.3.8 Limiting Cases of Binary Mi -- 2.4 Ternary Mixtures -- 2.4.1 Boiling and Condensation Conditions of Ternary Mixtures -- 2.4.2 Triangular Diagrams -- 2.4.3 Boiling Surfaces -- 2.4.4 Condensation Surfaces -- 2.4.5 Derivation of Distillation Lines -- 2.4.6 Examples for Distillation Lines -- 3 Single-Stage Distillation and Condensation -- 3.1 Continuous Closed Distillation and Condensation -- 3.1.1 Closed Distillation of Binary Mixtures -- 3.1.2 Closed Distillation of Multicomponent Mixtures -- 3.2 Batchwise Open Distillation and Open Condensation -- 3.2.1 Binary Mixtures -- 3.2.2 Ternary Mixtures -- 3.2.3 Multicomponent Mixtures -- 3.3 Semi-continuous Single-Stage Distillation -- 3.3.1 Semi-continuous Single-Stage Distillation of Binary Mixtures -- 4 Multistage Continuous Distillation (Rectification) -- 4.1 Principles -- 4.1.1 Equilibrium-Stage Concept -- 4.1.2 Transfer-Unit Concept -- 4.1.3 Comparison of Equilibrium-Stage and Transfer-Unit Concepts -- 4.2 Multistage Distillation of Binary Mixtures -- 4.2.1 Calculations Based on Material Bal -- 4.2.2 Calculation Based on Material and Enthalpy Balances -- 4.2.3 Distillation of Binary Mixtures at Total Reflux and Reboil -- 4.2.4 Distillation of Binary Mixtures at Minimum Reflux and Reboil -- 4.2.5 Energy Requirement for Distillation of Binary Mixtures -- 4.3 Multistage Distillation of Ternary Mixtures -- 4.3.1 Calculations Based on Material Balances -- 4.3.2 Distillation of Ternary Mixtures at Total Reflux and Reboil -- 4.3.3 Distillation of Ternary Mixtures at Minimum Reflux and Reboil -- 4.3.4 Energy Requirement of Ternary Distillation -- 4.4 Multistage Distillation of Multicomponent Mixtures -- 4.4.1 Rigorous Column Simulation -- 5 Reactive Distillation, Catalytic Distillation. 327 $a5.1 Fundamentals -- 5.1.1 Chemical Equilibrium -- 5.1.2 Stoichiometric Lines -- 5.1.3 Non-reactive and Reactive Distillation Lines -- 5.1.4 Reactive Azeotropes -- 5.2 Topology of Reactive Distillation Lines -- 5.2.1 Reactions in Ternary Systems -- 5.2.2 Reactions in Ternary Systems with Inert Components -- 5.2.3 Reactions with Side Products -- 5.2.4 Reactions in Quaternary Systems -- 5.3 Topology of Reactive Distillation Processes -- 5.3.1 Single Product Reactions -- 5.3.2 Decomposition Reactions -- 5.3.3 Side Reactions -- 5.4 Arrangement of Catalysts in Columns -- 5.4.1 Homogeneous Catalyst -- 5.4.2 Heterogeneous Catalyst -- 6 Multistage Batch Distillation -- 6.1 Batch Distillation of Binary Mixtures -- 6.1.1 Operation with Constant Reflux -- 6.1.2 Operation with Constant Distillate Composition -- 6.1.3 Operation with Minimum Energy Input -- 6.1.4 Comparison of Energy Requirement for Different Modes of Distillation -- 6.2 Batch Distillation of Ternary Mixtures -- 6.2.1 Zeotropic Mixtures -- 6.2.2 Azeotropic Mixtures -- 6.3 Batch Distillation of Multicomponent Mixtures -- 6.4 Influence of Column Liquid Hold-up on Batch Distillation -- 6.5 Processes for Separating Zeotropic Mixtures by Batch Distillation -- 6.5.1 Total Slop Cut Recycling -- 6.5.2 Binary Distillation of the Accumulated Slop Cuts -- 6.5.3 Recycling of the Slop Cuts at the Appropriate Time -- 6.5.4 Cyclic Operation -- 6.6 Processes for Separating Azeotropic Mixtures by Batch Distillation -- 6.6.1 Processes in One Distillation Field -- 6.6.2 Processes in Two Distillation Fields -- 6.6.3 Process Simplifications -- 6.6.4 Hybrid Processes -- 7 Energy Economization in Distillation -- 7.1 Energy Requirement of Single Columns -- 7.1.1 Reduction of Energy Requirement -- 7.1.2 Reduction of Exergy Losses -- 7.2 Optimal Separation Sequences of Ternary Distillation. 327 $a7.2.1 Process and Energy Requirement of the a-Path -- 7.2.2 Process and Energy Requirement of the c-Path -- 7.2.3 Process and Energy Requirement of the Preferred a=c-Path -- 7.3 Modifications of the Basic Processes -- 7.3.1 Material (Direct) Coupling of Columns -- 7.3.2 Processes with Side Columns -- 7.3.3 Thermal (Indirect) Coupling of Columns -- 7.4 Design of Heat Exchanger Networks -- 7.4.1 Optimum Heat Exchanger Networks -- 7.4.2 Modifying the Optimum Heat Exchanger Network -- 7.4.3 Dual Flow Heat Exchanger Networks -- 7.4.4 Process Modifications -- 8 Industrial Distillation Processes -- 8.1 Constraints for Industrial Distillation Processes -- 8.1.1 Feasible Temperatures -- 8.1.2 Feasible Pressures -- 8.1.3 Feasible Dimensions of Columns -- 8.2 Fractionation of Binary Mixtures -- 8.2.1 Recycling of Diluted Sulfuric Acid -- 8.2.2 Ammonia Recovery from Wastewater -- 8.2.3 Hydrogen Chloride Recovery from Inert Gases -- 8.2.4 Linde Process for Air Separation -- 8.2.5 Process Water Purification -- 8.2.6 Steam Distillation -- 8.3 Fractionation of Multicomponent Zeotropic Mixtures -- 8.3.1 Separation Paths -- 8.3.2 Processes with Side Columns -- 8.4 Fractionation of Heterogeneous Azeotropic Mixtures -- 8.5 Fractionation of Azeotropic Mixtures by Pressure Swing Processes -- 8.6 Fractionation of Azeotropic Mixtures by Addition of an Entrainer -- 8.6.1 Processes for Systems Without Distillation Boundary -- 8.6.2 Processes for Systems with Distillation Boundary -- 8.6.3 Hybrid Processes -- 8.7 Industrial Processes of Reactive Distillation -- 8.7.1 Synthesis of MTBE -- 8.7.2 Synthesis of Mono-ethylene Glycol -- 8.7.3 Synthesis of TAME -- 8.7.4 Synthesis of Methyl Acetate -- 9 Design of Mass Transfer Equipment -- 9.1 Types of Design -- 9.1.1 Tray Columns -- 9.1.2 Packed Columns -- 9.1.3 Criteria for Use of Tray or Packed Columns -- 9.2 Design of Tray Columns. 327 $a9.2.1 Design Parameters of Tray Columns -- 9.2.2 Operating Region of Tray Columns -- 9.2.3 Two-Phase Flow on Trays -- 9.2.4 Mass Transfer in the Two-Phase Layer on Column Trays -- 9.3 Design of Packed Columns -- 9.3.1 Design Parameters of Packed Columns -- 9.3.2 Operating Region of Packed Columns -- 9.3.3 Two-Phase Flow in Packed Columns -- 9.3.4 Mass Transfer in Packed Columns -- 9.A Appendix: Pressure Drop in Packed Beds -- 10 Control of Distillation Processes -- 10.1 Control Loops -- 10.1.1 Single Control Loop -- 10.1.2 Ratio Control Loop -- 10.1.3 Disturbance Feedforward Control Loop -- 10.1.4 Cascade Control Loop -- 10.2 Single Control Tasks for Distillation Columns -- 10.2.1 Liquid Level Control -- 10.2.2 Split Stream Control -- 10.2.3 Pressure Control -- 10.2.4 Product Concentration Control -- 10.3 Basic Control Configurations of Distillation Columns -- 10.3.1 Basic Control Systems Without Composition Control -- 10.3.2 One-Point Composition Control Configurations -- 10.3.3 Two-Point Composition Control Configurations -- 10.4 Application Ranges of the Basic Control Configurations -- 10.4.1 Impact of Split Parameters According to Split Rule 2 -- 10.4.2 Sharp Separations of Ideal Mixtures with Constant Relative Volatility at Minimum Reflux and Boilup Ratio -- 10.4.3 Extended Application Ranges of the Basic Control Configurations -- 10.5 Examples for Control Configurations of Distillation Processes -- 10.5.1 Azeotropic Distillation Process by Pressure Change -- 10.5.2 Distillation Process for Air Separation -- 10.5.3 Distillation Process with a Main and a Side Colum -- 10.5.4 Azeotropic Distillation Process by Using an Entrainer -- 10.6 Control Configurations for Batch Distillation Processes -- Index -- EULA. 330 $a"Distillation Principles and Practice Second Edition covers all the main aspects of distillation including the thermodynamics of vapor/liquid equilibrium, the principles of distillation, the synthesis of distillation processes, the design of the equipment, and the control of process operation. Most textbooks deal in detail with the principles and laws of distilling binary mixtures. When it comes to multi-component mixtures, they refer to computer software nowadays available. One of the special features of the second edition is a clear and easy understandable presentation of the principles and laws of ternary distillation. The right understanding of ternary distillation is the link to a better understanding of multi-component distillation. Ternary distillation is the basis for a conceptual process design, for separating azeotropic mixtures by using an entrainer, and for reactive distillation, which is a rapidly developing field of distillation. Another special feature of the book is the design of distillation equipment, i.e. tray columns and packed columns. In practice, empirical know-how is preferably used in many companies, often in form of empirical equations, which are not even dimensionally correct. The objective of the proposed book is the derivation of the relevant equations for column design based on first principles. The field of column design is permanently developing with respect to the type of equipment used and the know-how of two-phase flow and interfacial mass transfer."--$cProvided by publisher. 517 $aDistillation 606 $aMolecular stills 610 $aChemistry, Technical 610 $aScience 615 0$aMolecular stills. 676 $a660/.28425 700 $aStichlmair$b Johann G$01657667 701 $aKlein$b Harald$01657668 701 $aRehfeldt$b Sebastian$01657669 801 0$bMiAaPQ 801 1$bMiAaPQ 801 2$bMiAaPQ 906 $aBOOK 912 $a9910830617103321 996 $aDistillation$94011210 997 $aUNINA